Targeting Inhibition of Accumulation and Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells by Artemisinin via PI3K/AKT, mTOR, and MAPK Pathways Enhances Anti-PD-L1 Immunotherapy in Melanoma and Liver Tumors

Figure 3

ART controls the functional polarization of MDSCs through PI3K/AKT, mTOR, and MAPK pathways. (a and c) Purified CD11b⁺Gr-1⁺ MDSCs from the tumors of B16F10-bearing C57BL/6 mice for 13 days and then treated MDSCs with DMSO or ART (100 μM) in vitro for different time points. (a) Western blot was used to detect MAPK signal pathway-related proteins p-ERK (Thr202/Tyr204), ERK, p-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182), and p38 MAPK. (b) Gray value statistics. (c) PI3K/AKT and mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins p-AKT (ser473), AKT, p-p70 S6K (Thr389), and p70 S6K were detected by western blot. (d) Gray value statistics. Data are and are from a representative experiment of three (a and c). Unpaired Student’s test for (b) and (d). , , and . ns: not significant.

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