miR-196a-5p-Rich Extracellular Vesicles from Trophoblasts Induce M1 Polarization of Macrophages in Recurrent Miscarriage

Figure 7

M1 macrophages polarized by EV miR-196a-5p regulate the function of trophoblasts via secretion of TNF-α. (a, b) PMA-pretreated THP-1 cells were treated with EVs derived from miR-196a-5p-overexpressing HTR-8 cells. (a) qPCR and (b) ELISA analysis of the mRNA and protein levels of iNOS, IL-1β, and TNF-α. (c–e) PMA-pretreated THP-1 cells were treated with EVs derived from miR-196a-5p-overexpressing HTR-8 cells and further cocultured with HTR-8 cells with a TNF-α antibody or IgG control antibody in the culture medium. (c) CCK-8, (d) flow cytometry, and (e) Transwell assays were performed to analyze proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of HTR-8 cells. Scale bar, 100 μm (; ; ). EV: extracellular vesicle; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.

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