Macrophage Extracellular Traps: Current Opinions and the State of Research regarding Various Diseases

Table 1

METs in infectious diseases.

Pathogens	Tissue	Cells	Inducers	Components of METs	Identification	Quantification	Mechanism of MET formation	Reference
Staphylococcus aureus		RAW 264.7 cells, murine peritoneal macrophages	Statins	H2A-H2B-DNA complexes; DAPI	IF	Proportion of MET concentration of ET-DNA	Sterol pathway inhibition	[6]
		U937 cells
Staphylococcus aureus		Murine peritoneal macrophages	Fosfomycin	Hoechst 33342, SYTOX	IF, SEM	Fluorescence intensity	NADPH/ROS system activation	[24]
		THP-1 cells
Streptococcus agalactiae	Human placental	Human placental macrophages	Streptococcus agalactiae	Hoechst 33342, SYTOX, CitH3, MPO, NE	IF, IH, SEM	Proportion of METs	NADPH/ROS system activation	[25]
		THP-1 cells
Escherichia coli		J774A.1 cells	Escherichia coli	Hoechst 33342, SYTOX	IF, SEM	Proportion of METs	Non-NADPH/ROS	[17]
		Murine peritoneal macrophages					System
Haemophilus influenzae		BAL macrophages	Haemophilus influenzae	MMP-12	IF	Proportion of METs	NADPH/ROS system activation	[16]
Salmonella enterica		Raw 264.7 cells, THP-1 cells	Biochanin A	Hoechst 33342, SYTOX	IF	Fluorescence intensity	AMPK/ULK1/mTOR pathway activation	[27]
Salmonella typhimurium		J774A.1 cells murine macrophages	Salmonella typhimurium	Hoechst 33342, WGA	IF	Proportion of MET concentration of ET-DNA	—	[34]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis		Human macrophages	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	H4Cit3, DAPI	IF, SEM	Proportion of METs	ESAT-6 activation	[10]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis		Human macrophages	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	H4Cit3, Hoechst 33258, PicoGreen	IF, SEM	Proportion of METs	ESX-1 system activation	[11]
Candida albicans		Murine macrophages	Candida albicans	Candida albicans, SYTOX	IF, IHC	Proportion of MET fluorescence intensity	Non-NADPH/ROS system	[26]
		Murine peritoneal macrophages
		J774A.1 cells
Candida albicans		Murine peritoneal macrophages	Candida albicans	Hoechst 33342, SYTOX, histone, MPO, lysozyme	IF, SEM	Proportion of METs	Non-NADPH/ROS system	[17]
		J774A.1 cells
Aspergillus		THP-1 cells	Aflatoxin B1	Hoechst 33342, SYTOX, MPO, NE, CitH3	IF	Fluorescence intensity	NADPH/ROS system activation	[12]
Strongyloides stercoralis		Human macrophages, murine	Larval Strongyloides stercoralis	Hoechst, MPO, histone 3	IF	Concentration of ET-DNA	—	[35]
		Macrophages
Neospora caninum		Bovine macrophages	N. caninum tachyzoite	MPO, CitH3, SYTOX	IF, SEM	Concentration of ET-DNA	ERK1/2, p38/MAPK activation	[14]
Leptospira		Bovine macrophages	Leptospira	PI	IF	Concentration of ET-DNA		[36]

MPO: myeloperoxidase, NE: neutrophil elastase, MMP-12: matrix metalloproteinase-12, PI: propidium iodide; CitH3: citrulline histone 3; H4Cit3: citrulline histone 4; ET-DNA: extracellular DNA; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; IF: immunofluorescence; IHC: immunohistochemistry.