Macrophage Extracellular Traps: Current Opinions and the State of Research regarding Various Diseases

Table 2

MET in noninfectious diseases.

Diseases	Tissue	Cells	Inducers	Components of METs	Identification	Quantification	Mechanism of MET formation	Reference
Rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI	Renal tubules of mice	THP-1 cells	Heme-activated platelets	CitH3, Hoechst33342, SYTOX	IF	Proportion of METs	NADPH/ROS system activation; PAD activation	[8]
Atherosclerosis	Coronary plaques	—	—	CD68, MPO, CitH3	IHC	Immunopositive cells per surface area	—	[13]
COPD	Lung tissue of mice	Alveolar macrophages of human and mice	Cigarette smoke extract	MMP-9, MMP-12, CitH3	IF, IHC	Tissue: cells per high-powered field; Cells: proportion of METs Proportion of MET	NADPH/ROS system activation	[15]
Cystic fibrosis lung disease	Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid		Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae	H3Cit, NE, MMP-9, chromatin	IF		—	[44]
Nonfunctional pNETs	Tumor tissue sections			H3Cit, MPO, CD68, DAPI	IF, IHC	Immunopositive cells per surface area	—	[47]
Obesity	Mammary gland adipose tissue of mice	RAW 264.7 cells	TNF-α	Phalloidin, DAPI, H4Cit3	IF, IHC	Fluorescence intensity	PAD activation	[29]
RA	Spleens and LNs of CIA mice	Splenic macrophages of mice	LPS	CitH3, GelRed	IF	—	PAD activation	[9]
	RA synovial tissues	RA synovial fluid macrophages

MPO: myeloperoxidase; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9; CitH3: citrulline histone 3; H4Cit3: citrulline histone 4; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; AKI: acute kidney injury; pNETs: pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; CIA: collagen-induced arthritis; IF: immunofluorescence; IHC: immunohistochemistry.