Understanding the Immune System in Fetal Protection and Maternal Infections during Pregnancy

Table 1

Pregnancy complications linked to viral infections.

Virus	Impact on pregnancy	References
Cytomegalovirus	Congenital hearing loss, neuronal malformation, and intrauterine growth restriction	[48, 131]
Varicella zoster virus	Hypoplasia and premature birth	[132–134]
Rubella virus	Stillbirth, fetal growth restriction, and fetal infection	[135, 136]
Herpes simplex virus	Neurological deficits, blindness, and seizures	[137, 138]
HIV	Vertical transmission of the virus	[139, 140]
Hepatitis A	Miscarriage, preterm birth, and stillbirth	[141, 142]
Hepatitis B	Miscarriage, preterm birth, and stillbirth	[143, 144]
Hepatitis C	Miscarriage, preterm birth, and stillbirth	[145, 146]
Hepatitis E	Miscarriage, preterm birth, and stillbirth	[147]
Ebola virus	Spontaneous abortion and fetal loss	[148]
Lassa virus	Abortion, stillbirth, and fetal death	[149]
Influenza virus	Preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age birth and congenital malformation	[150]
Zika virus	Microcephaly	[151]

Table courtesy Gil Mor et al. [14].