Recent Advances and Next Breakthrough in Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment

Figure 2

The brief antitumor mechanism of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies. (a) In the tumor microenvironment, the T cell surface is highly inhibited by inhibitory immunoregulatory receptors, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, which prevents the immune activation of T cells and the killing of tumors. (b) The use of PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 blocking antibodies can eliminate the immunosuppressive effects of PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4, thereby activating the immune response of T cells to kill tumors.