The Question of HIV Vaccine: Why Is a Solution Not Yet Available?

Table 2

Summary of the vectors mentioned in the “Alternative Vaccination Strategies Based on Vectors” section.

Molecule	Vector type	Study ID	Clinical trials identifier	Year started	Immunogen/description	Country	Population enrolled	Note		References
DNA viruses	Adenovirus	HVNT 502	—	2004	Human adenovirus-based vector type 5/HIV-1 proteins clade B (Gag, Pol, Nef); MRKAd5 HIV-1gag/pol/nef trivalent vaccine	US, The Caribbean, Australia	Homosexual men and high-risk heterosexual men and women		Clinical trial stopped	[125]
		HVNT 503	NCT00413725	2007	Human adenovirus-based vector type 5/HIV-1 proteins clade B (Gag, Pol, Nef); MRKAd5 HIV-1gag/pol/nef trivalent vaccine	South Africa	Healthy adults of both sexes		Clinical trial stopped	[126]
		IPCAVD001	NCT00618605	2008	Assess safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26.ENVA.01) which contains a HIV-1 Clade A Env gene encoding a modified envelope gp140 protein	US	Healthy adults of both sexes		—	[127]
		HVNT 505	NCT00865566	2009	Recombinant adenoviral serotype 5 (rAd5) vector vaccine encoding HIV-1 clade B Gag/Pol and; HIV-1 clade A, B, C Nef/Env	US	Healthy, circumcised men, and male-to-female transgender persons; who have sex with men		—	[128]
	Adeno-associated virus	IAVI A003	NCT01937455	2014	Recombinant AAV vector coding for PG9 antibody which is a human monoclonal IgG1 antibody that reacts with the V1V2 loop of the HIV-1 envelope gp120 protein and was derived from a patient with clade A HIV infection; rAAV1-PG9DP	UK	Healthy adult males		—	[129]
DNA viruses	Pox virus	RV144	NCT00223080	2003	Prime: recombinant canarypox vector vaccine (ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521)) expressing subtype E HIV-1 gp120 (strain 92TH023) linked to the transmembrane anchoring portion of gp41 (strain LAI), and HIV-1 gag and protease (LAI strain) Boost: AIDSVAX® B/E, a highly purified mixture of gp120 proteins	Thailand	Healthy adults of both sexes		PAE/B/alum	[130]
		RV305	NCT01435135	2012	6–8 years late boost since RV144 vaccination: ALVAC-HIV + AIDSVAX® B/E, AIDSVAX® B/E, and ALVAC-HIV	Thailand	Participants in RV144clinical trial		—	[131]
		HVNT 096	NCT01799954	2012	Experimental HIV vaccine regimens using different vaccine priming combination, and boosting with the vaccines NYVAC and AIDSVAX® B/E	Switzerland	Healthy adults of both sexes		—	[132]
		HVNT 097	NCT02109354	2013	Prime: recombinant canarypox vector vaccine (ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521))Boost: AIDSVAX® B/E	South Africa	Healthy adults of both sexes		PAE/B/alum	[133]
		RV306	NCT01931358	2013	12, 15, or 18 months late boost since RV144 Vaccination: ALVAC-HIV + AIDSVAX® B/E, AIDSVAX® B/E, and ALVAC-HIV	Thailand	Healthy adults of both sexes		—	[134]
		HVNT 100	NCT02404311	2015	Prime: ALVAC-HIV vector (vCP2438)—expressing HIV-1 Env gp120 (subtype C), the transmembrane region of Env gp41, gag, and protease (all subtype B). Boost: Bivalent subtype C gp120/MF59®	South Africa	Healthy adults of both sexes		PC/MF59	[135]
		HVNT 702	NCT02968849	2016	ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) expressing the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein of the subtype C, along with the gp41 transmembrane sequence, gag, and protease from the subtype B LAI strain + Bivalent subtype C gp120/MF59	South Africa	Healthy adults of both sexes		Clinical trial stopped	[136]
RNA viruses	mRNA	iHIVARNA	NCT02413645	2015	Naked mRNA containing dendritic cell activation signals iHIVARNA-01 (TriMix) and encoding a novel HIV immunogen sequence (HIVACAT T-cell immunogen) (HTI))	Spain	HIV-1 infected adults of both sexes		—	[137]
		iHIVARNA phase II	NCT02888756	2017	HIVACAT-TriMix aloneTriMix alone	Belgium, Netherlands, Spain	HIV-1 infected adults of both sexes		—	[138]
		HVNT 302	NCT05217641	2022	Evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of BG505 MD39.3, BG505 MD39.3 gp151, and BG505 MD39.3 gp151 CD4KO HIV trimer mRNA. These trimers are based on the BG505 MD39 native-like trimer reported in PMID: 27617678	US	Healthy adults of both sexes		Clinical trial not completed	—