Upper Airway Epithelial Tissue Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Immune Signatures Associated with COVID-19 Severity in Ghanaians

Figure 3

Differentially expressed genes in SARS-CoV-2-infected Ghanaians with severe clinical phenotype compared with mild. (a) Volcano plot showing up- and downregulated genes. CRNN was the top overexpressed gene in the severe COVID-19 cohort. (b–d) Violin plots of selected overexpressed proinflammatory cytokines (IL1A, IL23A, and S100A7) in Ghanaians with severe COVID-19. (e–h). Violin plots of selected antiviral-related genes (ISG15, SAMD9L, IFIT1, and CXC11) that were downregulated in severe cases. Log2fc cutoff = 1, −Log10 p-value, p-value < 0.05; p-value < 0.01; p-value < 0.001.

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