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| Vaccine type | Technology used | Advantage | Disadvantage | Example |
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| Viral vector [68, 69] | Harmless, modified viruses deliver specific S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material | Efficient, gene-specific delivery stimulates a more robust immune response without causing disease | Preexisting and vaccination-induced antivector immunity can interfere with vaccine immunogenicity. Immune response to viral vectors could limit its efficiency | Oxford/Astra Zeneca, Janssen/Johnson and Johnson, Sputnik Light—Gamaleya |
|
| Nucleic acid [69] | Section of genetic material (DNA/mRNA) that provides the instructions for specific proteins
antigen used: S-protein | Easy and speedy designing | | DNA vaccine: ZyCoV-D
mRNA vaccines: Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 |
|
| Whole virus [62, 70, 71] | Live attenuated | Living but weakened SARS-CoV2 | Stimulates strong immune response | Not safe for immunocompromised systems, the spread of CoV via the feces of vaccine recipients, risk of its recombination with wild-type CoV | Codagenix Inc., Serum Institute of India, Indian Immunological Ltd. |
| Killed or inactivated | Inactivate or kill SARS-CoV2; | Easy to synthesize | Less effective, potential public health risk associated with incomplete inactivation | COVAXIN-Bharat Biotech, Coronavac-Sinovac, Sinopharm |
|
| Subunit [62, 72, 73] | Specific parts, spike proteins (the subunits) of SARS-CoV2 | | | Novavax, Moderna |
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| Recombinant viral vector [69, 74], | Cloned SASR-CoV-2 protein, DNA Plasmid containing SARS-CoV-2, uses recombinant S-protein mimicking SARS-CoV-2 protein as a vaccine. DNA plasmid containing SARS-CoV-2 S gene | | | Inovio Pharmaceuticals
DNA plasmid-based prophylactic vaccine (INO-4800) |
|
| Virus-like particle-based vaccine (VLP) [69] | Multiprotein supra-molecular preparations with virus-equivalent features | (Under preclinical studies) | | Medicago Inc, Saiba GmbH |
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