Organ transplantation is a preferred choice of treatment for end-stage organ failure. With the introduction of new immunosuppressants, the short-term allograft survival has been greatly improved over the last decades; however, long-term graft survival remains unsatisfactory and patients continue to lose their transplants to chronic rejection over time. Many factors affect the long-term graft survival; among them, immunological factor is the leading cause of late grafts loss, which includes both T-cell-mediated and alloantibody-mediated mechanisms in graft damage. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms is quintessential to further improve transplant outcomes in the clinic.

We therefore solicit original research articles, reviews, and perspectives focusing on the immunological mechanisms in late allograft dysfunction; those articles entail studies in renal, liver, heart, lung, intestinal, and other organ transplantation, and both clinical and experimental studies are welcome. These articles will be published in a special issue in the Journal of Clinical and Developmental Immunology. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

• Immunological mechanisms of late phase of graft loss
• Complications and immunological features of chronic rejection
• Tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes affecting chronic rejection in late phase of transplantation
• Immune monitoring and biomarkers in late phase of transplantation
• Role of cellular- and antibody-mediated immune responses in late graft loss
• Role of T regulatory cells in chronic allograft dysfunction
• Animal models of late graft dysfunction
• Evidence-based management of late allograft dysfunction
• Emerging new approaches in treatment of late graft dysfunction

Before submission authors should carefully read over the journal's Author Guidelines, which are located at http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/guidelines/. Prospective authors should submit an electronic copy of their complete manuscript through the journal Manuscript Tracking System at http://mts.hindawi.com/submit/journals/jir/iaad/ according to the following timetable: