Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in the blood and constitute the first line of host defense against numerous infectious pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and large parasites. Neutrophils migrate to sites of inflammation and infection where they recognize and phagocytose invading microorganisms in order to kill them via different cytotoxic mechanisms. These include the production of reactive oxygen species, microbicidal substances stored in granules, and the release of their nuclear material in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps.

In recent years, it has become evident that neutrophils not only have a fundamental role in the acute phase of inflammation when they actively eliminate pathogens, but also are capable of modifying the overall immune response. Neutrophils can do this by exchanging information with macrophages, dendritic cells, and other cells of the adaptive immune system through either soluble mediators or direct cell-cell contact. In addition, neutrophils are being recognized as important players in cancer and atherosclerosis, as these cells can infiltrate tumors and the atherosclerotic plaque. Thus, neutrophils can have an influence on tumor progression and inflammation leading to various stages of atherosclerosis. It is then important to understand the role of neutrophils in these disorders in order to be able to regulate their function to alleviate these health problems.

The purpose of this special issue is to publish high-quality original research papers as well as review articles addressing recent issues on the role of neutrophils in shaping the immune response and the consequences this may have on important health issues such as resolution of inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Phagocytosis
• Neutrophil extracellular traps
• Signal transduction pathways regulating neutrophil activation
• Neutrophil homeostasis
• Resolution of inflammation
• Neutrophils in atherosclerosis
• Neutrophils in cancer
• Role of neutrophils against larger parasites such as Toxoplasma and Leishmania
• Regulation of neutrophil function
• Neutrophils as therapeutic targets