Coronary Microcirculation in Aortic Stenosis: Pathophysiology, Invasive Assessment, and Future Directions

Table 1

Literature review of vasodilator stress agents in severe aortic stenosis.

Authors	Citation	N	Drug	Technique	Safety issues
Roy et al. [23]	Nucl Med Commun 1998; 19: 789	12	Dipy	SPECT	No
Carpeggiani et al. [24]	J CV Med 2008; 9: 893	15	Dipy	PET	No
Liu et al. [25]	Sci Rep 2019; 9: 12443	15	Dipy	SPECT	No
Burwash et al. [26]	Heart 2008; 94: 1627	20	Dipy	PET	No but 16 excluded
Rajappan et al. [27]	Circulation 2002; 105: 470	20	Dipy	PET	No
Nemes et al. [28]	Herz 2002; 27: 780	21	Dipy	TTE	No
Baroni et al. [29]	Heart 1996; 75: 492	25	Dipy	TTE	No
Huikuri et al. [30]	AJC 1987; 59: 336	27	Dipy	SPECT	2 hypotension
Demirkol et al. [31]	Cardiology 2002; 97: 37	30	Dipy	SPECT	No
Nemes et al. [32]	Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2009; 29,:447	49	Dipy	TTE	No
Avakian et al. [33]	IJC 2001; 81: 21	110	Dipy	SPECT	No
Camuglia et al. [34]	JACC 2014; 63: 1808	10	IC adeno	Doppler wire	No
Vendrik et al. [35]	JAHA 2020; 9:e015133	13	IC adeno	FFR	No
Wiegerinck et al. [36]	Circ CV Int 2015; 8:e002443	27	IC adeno	Combo	No
Ahmad et al. [37]	JACC CV Int 2018; 11: 2019	28	IC adeno	FFR	No
Scarsini et al. [38]	EuroIntervention 2018; 13: 1512	66	IC adeno	FFR	No
Di Gioia et al. [39]	AJC 2016; 117: 1511	106	IC adeno	FFR	No
Scarsini et al. [38]	J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 12: 539	82	IC/IV adeno	FFR	No
Stähli et al. [40]	Cardiology 2012; 123: 234	4	IV adeno	FFR	No
Stundl et al. [41]	Clin Res Cardiol 2019; 109	13	IV adeno	FFR	No
Lumley et al. [42]	JACC 2016; 68: 688	19	IV adeno	FFR	No
Burgstahler et al. [43]	IJ CV Img 2008; 24: 195	20	IV adeno	CMR	No
Hildick-Smith and Shapiro [44]	JACC 2000; 36: 1889	27	IV adeno	TTE	1 “tolerated poorly”
Mahmod et al. [45]	JCMR 2014; 16: 29	28	IV adeno	CMR	No
Samuels et al. [46]	JACC 1995; 25: 99	35	IV adeno	SPECT	2 hypotension, 2 AV block
Gutiérrez-Barrios et al. [47]	Int J Cardiol 2017; 236: 370	36	IV adeno	FFR	No
Stoller et al. [48]	EuroIntervention 2018; 14: 166	40	IV adeno	FFR	No
Takemoto et al. [49]	JASE 2014; 27: 200	41	IV adeno	TTE/FFR	No
Patsilinakos et al. [50]	Angiology 1999; 50: 309	50	IV adeno	TTE/SPECT	No
Stanojevic et al. [51]	J Inv Card 2016; 28: 357	72	IV adeno	FFR	No
Patsilinakos et al. [52]	JNC 2004; 11: 20	75	IV adeno	SPECT	9 AV block
Yamanaka et al. [53]	JACC CV Int 2018; 11: 2032	95	IV adeno	FFR/SPECT	1 AV block, 10% SBP < 40 mmHg
Ahn et al. [54]	JACC 2016; 67: 1412	117	IV adeno	CMR	No
Banovic et al. [55]	Echo 2014; 31: 428	127	IV adeno	TTE	No
Singh et al. [56]	EHJ 2017; 38: 1222	174	IV adeno	CMR	No
Nishi et al. [57]	Coron Artery Dis 2018; 29: 223	9	Mixed	FFR	No
Arashi et al. [58]	Cardiovasc Interv Ther 2019; 34: 269	13	Mixed	FFR	No
Hussain et al. [59]	JNC 2017; 24: 1200	95	Mixed	SPECT	No
Banovic et al. [60]	Coron Artery Dis 2020; 31: 166–73	4	NR	FFR	No
Cremer et al. [61]	JNC 2014; 21: 1001	50	Rega	PET	2 hypotension

AV = atrioventricular, adeno = adenosine, CMR = cardiac magnetic resonance, dipy = dipyridamole, FFR = fractional flow reserve, IC = intracoronary, IV = intravenous, N = number of subjects, NR = not reported, PET = positron emission tomography, rega = regadenoson, SBP = systolic blood pressure, SPECT = single-photon emission computed tomography, and TTE = transthoracic echocardiography.