Research Article
Glycemic Control Status and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Diabetic Chronic Total Occlusion Patients: An Observational Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics in the overall population.
| | Clinical characteristics | HbA1c < 7.0 (n = 448) | HbA1c ≥ 7.0 (n = 581) | value |
| | Age (year) | 59.39 ± 9.66 | 59.68 ± 9.57 | 0.636 | | Male | 354 (79.0) | 431 (74.2) | 0.071 | | Hypertension | 318 (71.0) | 363 (62.5) | 0.004 | | Dyslipidemia | 166 (37.1) | 181 (31.2) | 0.047 | | PVD | 5 (1.1) | 17 (2.9) | 0.047 | | Prior MI | 241 (53.8) | 313 (53.9) | 0.980 | | Prior PCI | 80 (17.9) | 114 (19.6) | 0.473 | | Prior stroke | 34 (7.6) | 25 (4.3) | 0.025 | | Heart failure | 122 (27.2) | 174 (29.9) | 0.340 | | Systolic heart failure | 54 (12.1) | 81 (13.9) | 0.374 | | Diastolic heart failure | 70 (15.6) | 94 (16.2) | 0.810 | | CKD | 8 (1.8) | 7 (1.2) | 0.441 | | COPD/asthma | 1 (0.2) | 6 (1.0) | 0.146 | | Hyperuricemia | 105 (23.4) | 93 (16.0) | 0.003 | | Smoking | 228 (50.9) | 272 (46.8) | 0.195 | | Drinking | 76 (17.0) | 81 (13.9) | 0.181 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 26.53 (24.44–28.37) | 26.42 (24.45–28.40) | 0.397 |
| | Laboratory examination | | LVEF (%) | 61.00 (57.00–67.00) | 61.00 (56.00–66.00) | 0.151 | | RWMA | 131 (29.2) | 180 (31.0) | 0.547 | | Baseline fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 6.90 (5.88–8.19) | 8.11 (6.54–10.63) | ≤0.001 | | Baseline HbA1c | 7.13 (6.40–7.50) | 7.80 (7.00–8.30) | ≤0.001 | | Baseline HbA1c ≥ 7.0 | 222 (49.6) | 437 (75.2) | ≤0.001 | | Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 1.61 (1.19–2.30) | 1.61 (1.17–2.32) | 0.965 | | HDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.94 (0.82–1.10) | 0.718 | | LDL-C (mg/dL) | 2.31 (1.83–3.01) | 2.34 (1.89–3.03) | 0.421 |
| | Medical treatment | | Aspirin | 443 (98.9) | 569 (98.1) | 0.316 | | P2Y12 inhibitor | 399 (89.1) | 521 (89.8) | 0.692 | | Statin | 415 (92.6) | 553 (95.3) | 0.066 | | Nitrites | 174 (38.8) | 253 (43.6) | 0.123 | | Beta-blocker | 350 (78.1) | 447 (77.1) | 0.688 | | CCB | 121 (27.0) | 152 (26.2) | 0.773 | | ACEI/ARB | 257 (57.4) | 317 (54.7) | 0.385 | | Insulin | 120 (26.8) | 253 (43.5) | ≤0.001 | | Sulfonylureas | 104 (23.2) | 97 (16.7) | 0.009 | | Nateglinide | 31 (6.9) | 28 (4.8) | 0.151 | | Biguanides | 181 (40.4) | 238 (41.0) | 0.856 | | Thiazolidinediones | 89 (19.9) | 87 (15.0) | 0.039 | | Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 179 (40.0) | 226 (38.9) | 0.731 |
| | Angiographic characteristics | | CTO location | | LAD | 137 (30.6) | 179 (30.8) | 0.937 | | LCX | 131 (29.2) | 162 (27.9) | 0.632 | | RCA | 180 (40.2) | 240 (41.3) | 0.715 |
| | Number of diseased vessels | | 1 | 124 (27.7) | 129 (22.2) | 0.043 | | 2 | 180 (40.2) | 218 (37.5) | 0.386 | | 3 | 144 (32.1) | 234 (40.3) | 0.007 | | Syntax score# | 20.50 (17.00–25.50) | 21.00 (18.25–26.50) | 0.039 | | Rentrop grade ≥ 2# | 322 (81.9) | 422 (82.3) | 0.899 | | Abrupt stump# | 186 (47.3) | 239 (46.6) | 0.825 | | Calcification# | 84 (21.4) | 111 (21.6) | 0.924 | | Bending ≥ 45°# | 152 (38.7) | 205 (40.0) | 0.695 | | CTO length ≥ 20 mm# | 190 (48.3) | 277 (54.0) | 0.092 |
| | Procedural characteristics | | Retrograde approach | 32 (12.7) | 32 (10.2) | 0.349 |
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Values are n (%), mean ± SD, or median with interquartile range. ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin-receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CCB: calcium-channel blocker; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTO: chronic total occlusion; HCY: homocysteine; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HF: heart failure; LAD: left anterior descending coronary artery; LCX: left circumflex artery; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; MT: medical therapy; PCI: percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; RCA: right coronary artery; RWMA: regional wall motion abnormality; TC: total cholesterol. #Cine angiogram records got from 906 (88.05%) individuals. Only patients who were treated with PCI. |
