Transcatheter Closure of Mitral Paravalvular Leak via Multiple Approaches

Table 1

Preoperative demographic and clinical characteristics.

Variables	Patients (n = 35)
Gender, male	24 (68.6%)
Age, years	27–70 (47.6 ± 12.7)
Previous procedure
Mitral valve replacement	6
Combined aortic and mitral valve replacement	4
Mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve repair	12
Combined aortic and mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve repair	6
Mitral valve replacement and AF ablation	5
Mitral valve replacement and CABG	1
Mitral valve replacement and VSD repair	1
Prosthesis type
Mechanical	28 (80%)
Bioprosthetic	7 (20%)
Time since valve replacement, years	0.5–14 (4.9 ± 3.6)
History of endocarditis	6 (17.1%)
Hemolysis	17 (48.6%)
NYHA FC II	2 (5.7%)
NYHA FC III	17 (48.6%)
NYHA FC IV	16 (45.7%)
LVEF
<40	7 (20%)
40–50	15 (42.9%)
>50	13 (37.1%)
PVL severity
Mild	0
Moderate	5 (14.3%)
Moderate to severe	17 (48.6%)
Severe	13 (37.1%)
Comorbidities
Pulmonary hypertension	15 (42.9%)
Systemic hypertension	4 (11.4%)
Atrial fibrillation	27 (77.1%)
Chronic renal insufficiency, creatinine >1.5 mg/dL	4 (11.4%)
EuroSCORE II
0–2	2 (5.7%)
3–5	17 (48.6%)
>6	16 (45.7%)

Categorical variables are presented as frequency (%); continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation when normally distributed. The degree of paravalvular regurgitation was graded semiquantitatively using Doppler echocardiography and color-flow imaging (mild: <5 ml; moderate: 5–8 ml; moderate to severe: 8–12 ml; and severe: >12 ml). When multiple jets were present, the amounts of regurgitation from the separate jets were totaled for semiquantitation. AF: atrial fibrillation; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; VSD: ventricular septal defect; NYHA FC: New York Heart Association functional class; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PVL: paravalvular leak.