Real-Time Monitoring and Step-by-Step Guidance for Transapical Mitral Valve Edge-to-Edge Repair Using Transesophageal Echocardiography

Figure 5

Valve function assessment. (a) The length of leaflet insertion can be calculated, which equals the difference between the length of leaflets before and after grasping. (b) Planimetry of vena contracta (VC) area in a wall-hugging residual regurgitant jet. (c) Using multiplanar reformatting, planimetry of each residual orifice will allow for the calculation of cumulative MVA to exclude mitral valve stenosis. Each orifice should be measured in separate planes as they are not in the same plane. (d, e) The newly created double orifices are assessed by 3D zoom MV enface LA and LV view + X-plane view in the systolic frame (d) and diastolic frame (e).

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