Safety and Feasibility of Ultrasound-Guided Access for Coronary Interventions through Distal Left Radial Route

Table 3

Procedure failures during the study.

Vascular puncture
Patient	Cause	ldRA diameter	Alternative access
1	Small artery (needle instability)	1.9	RRA
2	Small collapsed artery	2.0	RRA
3	Small artery with spasm	1.8	RFA
4	Deep seated artery (needle instability)	2.0	LRA
Coronary angiography
	Sheath/ldRA ratio
1	Bilateral radial artery tortuosity	0.76	RFA
2	Failed catheter access (spasm)	1.0	RRA
3	Failed catheter access (spasm)	1.2	LRA
4	No arterial sheath backflow due to spasm	0.9	RRA
5	Guidewire embolization	0.7	LRA
6	Failed catheter access (spasm)	1.3	RRA
7	Left radial artery spasm (partial failure)	1.1	LFA
8	Failed catheter access (peripheral arterial disease)	1.1	RRA
Percutaneous coronary intervention
		Sheath/ldRA ratio
1	Left radial artery spasm	1.0	RRA
2	Left radial artery spasm	1.1	RRA

ldRA: left distal radial artery; LFA: left femoral artery; RFA: right femoral artery; RRA: right radial artery; LRA: left radial artery.