|
| Model | Dose | Experimental outcome | Reference |
|
| HF diet induced fat rats | 0.75% and 1.5% extracts | (i) Decreased body weight, visceral fat mass, plasma glucose, and TAG.
(ii) Increased plasma catecholamines. | [58] |
|
| HF diet induced fat rats | 0.75% and 1.5% extracts | (i) Decreased body weight, visceral fat mass, plasma glucose, and TAG.
(ii) Increased adiponectin.
(iii) Increased UCP 1 in BAT and UCP 3 in red gastrocnemius muscle.
(iv) Increased expression of the transcription coactivator PGC-1α both in BAT and in gastrocnemius muscle. | [62] |
|
| Male C57BL/6J mice, 5 weeks old | 0.5 g/kg/day, 1.0 g/kg/day P extracts, or 0.2, 1.0 g/kg/day G extracts | (i) Decreased body weight and visceral fat mass.
(ii) Decreased plasma glucose, TG, and total cholesterol (TC) but increased free fatty acid (FFA).
(iii) Increased mRNA expression of leptin, PPAR-γ, PPAR-α, and decreased expression of resistin. | [59] |
|
| Male Wistar rats fed HF diet | 5% (w/w) powder | (i) Decreased body weight and adipose tissues.
(ii) Decreased TAG and cholesterol.
(iii) Increased adiponectin. | [63] |
|
| Over weight rats | Aqueous extract 2 mL/day | (i) Reduced elevated body weight and cholesterol, TG, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).
(ii) Increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). | [60] |
|
| HF diet fed male C57BL/6JNarl mice. | 15% and 30% of diet | (i) Decreased body weight, retroperitoneal, epididymal, and inguinal fat deposition and adipocyte diameter.
(ii) Increased phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, cAMP-activated protein kinase (PKA), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in WAT.
(iii) Increased TNF-α concentration in the WAT accompanied by TUNEL-positive nuclei. | [61] |
|
| 3T3-L1 cells | | (i) Decreased lipid accumulation and intracellular TGs. | [64] |
|
| Primary human adipocyte | | (i) Inhibited adipocyte differentiation by reducing PPARγ, SREBP, and perilipin mRNA gene expression.
(ii) Increasing lipolysis in preadipocytes. | [65] |
|
