Journal of Lipids
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 3679247, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3679247
Research Article
Identification and Quantification of Fatty Acids in T. viridissima, C. biguttulus, and C. brunneus by GC-MS
Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
Correspondence should be addressed to Alexander M. Wathne; moc.liamg@enhtawnitramrednaxela
Received 27 July 2017; Revised 12 January 2018; Accepted 4 February 2018; Published 28 February 2018
Academic Editor: Maurizio Averna
Copyright © 2018 Alexander M. Wathne et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- H. C. J. Godfray, J. R. Beddington, I. R. Crute et al., “Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people,” Science, vol. 327, no. 5967, pp. 812–818, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Borlaug, “Feeding a Hungry world,” Science, vol. 318, no. 5849, p. 359, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. R. DeFoliart, “Insects as human food. Gene DeFoliart discusses some nutritional and economic aspects,” Crop Protection, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 395–399, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Van Huis, J. Van Itterbeeck, H. Klunder et al., Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security: Food and agriculture organization of the United, nations (FAO, 2013.
- A. P. Simopoulos, “Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 560S–569S, 1999. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- FAO, “Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition. Report of an expert consultation,” FAO Food and nutrition paper, vol. 91, p. 166, 2010. View at Google Scholar
- P. Dewick, Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Wiley, 3rd edition, 2009.
- N. Siriwardhana, N. S. Kalupahana, and N. Moustaid-Moussa, “Health Benefits of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid,” Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 65, pp. 211–222, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Swanson, R. Block, and S. A. Mousa, “Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life,” Advances in Nutrition, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. H. S. Ruxton, S. C. Reed, M. J. A. Simpson, and K. J. Millington, “The health benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a review of the evidence,” Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 449–459, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. A. Siddiqui, S. R. Shaikh, L. A. Sech, H. R. Yount, W. Stillwell, and G. P. Zaloga, “Omega 3-fatty acids: Health benefits and cellular mechanisms of action,” Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 859–871, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. A. Horrocks and Y. K. Yeo, “Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),” Pharmacological Research, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 211–225, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Barceló-Coblijn and E. J. Murphy, “Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels,” Progress in Lipid Research, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 355–374, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. D. Riediger, R. Othman, E. Fitz, G. N. Pierce, M. Suh, and M. H. Moghadasian, “Low n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio, with fish- or flaxseed oil, in a high fat diet improves plasma lipids and beneficially alters tissue fatty acid composition in mice,” European Journal of Nutrition, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 153–160, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Liu, Y. Qiu, Y. Mu et al., “A high ratio of dietary n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids improves obesity-linked inflammation and insulin resistance through suppressing activation of TLR4 in SD rats,” Nutrition Research, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 849–858, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. G. Yang, Z. X. Song, H. Yin et al., “Low n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratio Improves Lipid Metabolism, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Function in Rats Using Plant Oils as n-3 Fatty Acid Source,” Lipids, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 49–59, 2016. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. L. Russo, “Dietary n - 6 and n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: From biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention,” Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 937–946, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. P. Simopoulos, “The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids,” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 365–379, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. D. Riediger, R. A. Othman, M. Suh, and M. H. Moghadasian, “A systemic review of the roles of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease,” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 668–679, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Paul, M. Frederich, R. Uyttenbroeck et al., “Grasshoppers as a food source? A review,” Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 337–352, 2016. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Paul, M. Frederich, R. C. Megido et al., “Insect fatty acids: A comparison of lipids from three Orthopterans and Tenebrio molitor L. larvae,” Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 337–340, 2017. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L.-F. Yang, S. Siriamornpun, and D. Li, “Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of edible insects in Thailand,” Journal of Food Lipids, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 277–285, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Grapes, P. Whiting, and L. Dinan, “Fatty acid and lipid analysis of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus,” Insect Biochemistry, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 767–774, 1989. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. C. Perdeck, “The Isolating Value of Specific Song Patterns in Two Sibling Species of Grasshoppers (Chorthippus Brunneus Thunb. and C. Biguttulus L.),” Behaviour, vol. 12, no. 1-2, pp. 1–75, 1958. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. R.Ragge and W. J. Reynolds, “The songs and taxonomy of the grasshoppers of the chorthippus biguttulus group in the iberian peninsula (Orthoptera: Acrididae),” Journal of Natural History, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 897–929, 1988. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Folch, M. Lees, and G. H. Sloane Stanley, “A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 226, no. 1, pp. 497–509, 1957. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. C. Pinkart, R. Devereux, and P. J. Chapman, “Rapid separation of microbial lipids using solid phase extraction columns,” Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 9–15, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Ruiz, T. Antequera, A. I. Andres, M. J. Petron, and E. Muriel, “Improvement of a solid phase extraction method for analysis of lipid fractions in muscle foods,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 520, no. 1-2, pp. 201–205, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Devle, E.-O. Rukke, C. F. Naess-Andresen, and D. Ekeberg, “A GC - Magnetic sector MS method for identification and quantification of fatty acids in ewe milk by different acquisition modes,” Journal of Separation Science, vol. 32, no. 21, pp. 3738–3745, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. F. N. Hutchins and M. M. Martin, “The lipids of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus L. I. Lipid classes and fatty acid distribution,” Lipids, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 247–249, 1968. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. C. Rizos, E. E. Ntzani, E. Bika, M. S. Kostapanos, and M. S. Elisaf, “Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 308, no. 10, pp. 1024–1033, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. K. Vassiliou, A. Gonzalez, C. Garcia, J. H. Tadros, G. Chakraborty, and J. H. Toney, “Oleic acid and peanut oil high in oleic acid reverse the inhibitory effect of insulin production of the inflammatory cytokine TNF- both in vitro and in vivo systems,” Lipids in Health and Disease, vol. 8, article no. 25, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus