|
| Increase Lp(a) levels |
| Apo(a) gene | Up to 90% |
| Acute phase | Up to two-fold increase in Lp(a) concentrations. Concentrations normalize after the triggering signal for the acute phase withdraws. The highest upsurge is reported approximately 6–8 days after the acute event [162, 166] |
| Renal disease | Renal insufficiency and nephrotic syndrome increase Lp(a) levels up to three-fold [58, 61, 163] |
| Diabetes mellitus | The increase in Lp(a) levels in diabetic patients mainly relates to the stage of kidney disease [172, 173] |
| Hypothyroidism | Increase in Lp(a) concentrations was reported [198] |
| Pregnancy | Up to two- to threefold increase during pregnancy, with highest Lp(a) levels increase seen at the 20th week [176] |
| HGH | Increases Lp(a) by up to 120% [171] |
|
| Decrease Lp(a) levels |
| Cholestatic liver diseases | Up to 90%. May be due to impairment of Lp(a) production and/or assembly |
| Alcohol consumption | Chronic consumption may reduce plasma Lp(a) in a dose-dependent manner and up to 60% [167, 178] |
| IGF-1 | Was found to decrease Lp(a) levels by 60% [171] |
| Anabolic steroids | Up to 70% reported (N/R) [45, 175] |
| Testosterone | Only few reported up to 40% reduction [179] |
| ACTH | Yield reductions of up to 30–40% [63] |
| Tamoxifen | Anti-estrogen drug that decreases Lp(a) by 35% |
| Ca+2 antagonists | Less than 10% reduction [180] |
| Estrogens | Up to 37% reported in postmenopausal women receiving HRT (N/R) [45] |
| Progesterone | Low percentage reported |
| Tibolone | Agonist of type I steroid hormone receptor, Leads to 35% reduction |
| Raloxifene | Estrogen receptor modulator, leads to 35% reduction |
| Cigarette smoking | Lowers plasma Lp(a) levels by 10–20% [168, 169] |
| Cancer | Tumors of many origins reported up to cause a two-fold increase [34, 66, 67] |
| Obesity | There is an inverse relationship between weight plasma Lp(a) concentration and obesity [63] |
| Diet | Majority of the reports have shown no to minimum reduction[181]; however, a defined plant-based diet [182] and fish oils were found to reduce plasma Lp(a) by 10% [180] |
|
