Research Article
Impact of Alexithymia on the Lipid Profile in Major Depressed Individuals
(a) |
| | Variables | Categories | % | Depression without dyslipidaemia | Depression with dyslipidaemia | value chi2 |
| | Gender | Female () | 57.4% | 61.0% | 52.8% | 0.201 | | Male () | 42.6% | 39.0% | 47.2% | | BMI (kg/m2) | ≥18 & <25 () | 31.0% | 41.2% | 17.9% | <0.001 | | ≥25 & <30 () | 36.0% | 31.6% | 41.5% | | ≥30 () | 33.0% | 27.2% | 40.6% | | Age (years) | <50 () | 65.7% | 69.1% | 61.3% | 0.205 | | ≥50 () | 34.3% | 30.9% | 38.7% | | Benzodiazepine receptor agonists | No () | 81.0% | 83.1% | 78.3% | 0.346 | | Yes () | 19.0% | 16.9% | 21.7% | | Antidepressant therapy | No () | 66.9% | 66.2% | 67.9% | 0.774 | | Yes () | 33.1% | 33.8% | 32.1% | | Other psychotropic treatments | No () | 89.7% | 90.4% | 88.7% | 0.655 | | Yes () | 10.3% | 9.6% | 11.3% | | Smoking | No () | 79.3% | 83.1% | 74.5% | 0.103 | | Yes () | 20.7% | 16.9% | 25.5% | | Alcohol | No () | 54.1% | 52.9% | 55.7% | 0.913 | | Occasional () | 36.0% | 36.8% | 34.9% | | Regular () | 9.9% | 10.3% | 9.4% | | Caffeine | No () | 13.6% | 15.4% | 11.3% | 0.354 | | Yes () | 86.4% | 84.6% | 88.7% | | Snoring | No () | 36.0% | 44.9% | 24.5% | 0.001 | | Yes () | 64.0% | 55.1% | 75.5% | | OSAS | No () | 58.3% | 67.7% | 46.2% | 0.001 | | Yes () | 41.7% | 32.3% | 53.8% | | Insomnia disorders | No () | 18.6% | 16.9% | 20.8% | 0.651 | | Sleep deprivation alone () | 11.2% | 10.3% | 12.3% | | With () | 50.8% | 54.4% | 46.2% | | With () | 19.4% | 18.4% | 20.7% | | Sleep movement disorders | None () | 75.6% | 77.9% | 72.6% | 0.630 | | Moderate to severe PLMs alone () | 12.8% | 11.8% | 14.2% | | RLS alone or combined with PLMs () | 11.6% | 10.3% | 13.2% | | Excessive daytime sleepiness | No () | 45.9% | 49.3% | 41.5% | 0.230 | | Yes () | 54.1% | 50.7% | 58.5% | | Depression severity | Mild () | 32.2% | 36.8% | 26.4% | 0.108 | | Moderate () | 45.5% | 39.7% | 52.8% | | Severe () | 22.3% | 23.5% | 20.8% | | Hypertension | No () | 62.0% | 70.6% | 50.9% | 0.002 | | Yes () | 38.0% | 29.4% | 49.1% | | Type 2 diabetes | No () | 87.2% | 96.3% | 75.5% | <0.001 | | Yes () | 12.8% | 3.7% | 24.5% | | CRP (mg/L) | <1 () | 33.9% | 41.9% | 23.6% | 0.010 | | ≥1 & <3 () | 33.1% | 27.9% | 39.6% | | ≥3 () | 33.0% | 30.2% | 36.8% | | Alexithymia | No () | 43.0% | 50.0% | 34.0% | 0.012 | | Yes () | 57.0% | 50.0% | 66.0% | | Dyslipidaemia | No () | 56.2% | | | | | Yes () | 43.8% |
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(b) |
| | Median (P25-P75) | Depression without dyslipidaemia | Depression with dyslipidaemia | Wilcoxon test |
| | BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (24.1–32.3) | 26.3 (22.6–30.4) | 29.0 (26.0–34.2) | <0.001 | | Age (years) | 44 (35–53) | 42 (34–53) | 47 (37–52) | 0.221 | | Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.5 (163.0–216.0) | 183.5 (161.0–209.5) | 187.5 (165.0–220.0) | 0.200 | | HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.0 (44.0–62.0) | 59.5 (52.0–69.0) | 43.0 (37.0–48.0) | <0.001 | | Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 110.0 (79.0–164.0) | 86.0 (65.5–109.0) | 174.5 (127.0–222.0) | <0.001 | | ESS | 11 (7–14) | 11 (7–14) | 12 (8–15) | 0.127 | | BDI | 22 (18–29) | 21 (17–29) | 22 (18–29) | 0.456 | | ISI | 17 (14–20) | 17 (14–21) | 17 (13–20) | 0.102 | | TAS-20 | 54 (44–63) | 51 (42–63) | 56 (46–63) | 0.092 | | CRP (mg/L) | 1.8 (0.7–4.4) | 1.3 (0.5–4.1) | 2.2 (1.1–4.7) | 0.001 |
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BMI = body mass index; OSAS = obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; CRP = C-reactive protein; PLMs = periodic limb movements during sleep; RLS = restless legs syndrome; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; ISI = Insomnia Severity Index; TAS-20 = Toronto Alexithymia Scale.
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