|
Disorder | Species | Ganglioside | Route | Clinical signs | References |
|
AD | Human | GM1 ➔ 24 weeks | Intramuscular | No overall symptomatic benefit | [28] |
AD | Human | GM1 ➔ 6 weeks | Intramuscular | No improvement in cognitive function. | [29] |
AD | Human | GM1 ➔ 12 months | Intrathecal | Disease pathology is halted by continuous treatment. | [30] |
AD | Human | GM1 | Intracerebroventricular | Improvement of physical activities | [31, 32] |
AD | Mouse (APP/PS1) | GM1 | Intraperitoneal | Reduction of Aβ-40 and Aβ-42. | [33] |
AD | Mouse (Tg2576) | 4396C | Intraperitoneal | Reduction of Aβ-40 and Aβ-42 deposits. | [34] |
AD | Mouse (APP/PS1) | GM1 | Intraperitoneal | Exacerbating cognitive dysfunction | [35, 36] |
AD | Mouse (APP/PS1) | AAV-NEU3 (overexpression) | Intracerebroventricular | Accumulation of the Aβ deposits. | [35] |
AD | Mouse (APP/PS1) | D-PDMP | Intraperitoneal | Reduction of Aβ deposits and rescue memory. | [35] |
AD | Mouse (Tg2576) | GCSi (GENZ 667161) | Diet | Mitigation of the soluble Aβ-42 and amyloid plaque burden. | [37] |
AD | Mouse (3xTg-AD) | GQ1b | Intrahippocampal | Reduction of Aβ plaque deposition and tau phosphorylation. | [38] |
PD | Mouse (B4galnt1+/-) | LIGA-20 | Intraperitoneal | Reduced TH+ neuron cell death and αSyn accumulation | [11] |
PD | Mouse (B4galnt1-/-) | LIGA-20 | Intraperitoneal | Reduced αSyn accumulation | [21] |
PD | Rat (overexpressing human mutant A53T αSyn) | GM1 | Intraperitoneal | Protection against striatal dopamine depletion and dopaminergic neuron death | [39] |
PD | Mouse (B4galnt1+/-) | OligoGM1 (GM1-OS) | Intraperitoneal | Reduced αSyn accumulation in SN, increased tyrosine hydroxylase | [40] |
PD | Human | GM1 (combined with pramipexole) | Intravenous | Decreased inflammatory CRP and TNF-α levels, elevated motor functions | [41] |
PD | Mouse (overexpressing human mutant A53T αSyn) | GM1 and GD3 | Intranasal | Induced neurogenesis and promoted self-renewal ability of neural stem cells | [42] |
HD | Mouse (R6/2, Q140, YAC128) | GM1 | Intraventricular | Reduced motor defects, neurodegeneration, and huntingtin levels | [43] [44] |
ALS | Mouse SOD1G86R and SOD1G93A | IgM (rHIgM12) targeting GD1a and GT1b | Intraperitoneal | Prolonged survival and slowed neurological impairments | [45] |
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