Gateways to Hawai‘i: Genetic Population Structure of the Tropical Sea Cucumber Holothuria atra

Table 4

Pairwise population migration rate estimates (𝑁_𝑒𝑀) based on a Bayesian MCMC simulation. Kingman Reef is grouped with the Main Hawaiian Islands in the upper table and treated as a seprate population in the lower table. The value of 𝑀 calculated by MIGRATE was multiplied by the 𝜃, as calculated by MIGRATE, of the destination population to estimate migration. The estimates of migration are separated by direction; the columns are source populations, and the the rows are sink populations.

Region	Line Islands	MHI+King	NWHI+J	Okinawa	Ogasawara	Marshall Islands
Line Islands	—	0.13125	0.00375	0.15375	0.16875	0.13875
MHI+Kingman	0.02375	—	3.01625	0.02375	0.02375	0.45125
NWHI+Johnston	0.03125	4.34375	—	0.03125	0.03125	0.03125
Okinawa	0.04625	0.00875	0.02875	—	0.04375	0.04375
Ogasawara	0.04625	0.01375	0.00125	0.04875	—	0.02875
Marshall Islands	0.46125	0.55125	0.19125	0.43875	0.39375	—
	Line Islands	MHI	NWHI+J	Okinawa	Ogasawara	Marshall Islands	Kingman
Line Islands	—	0.04375	0.01125	0.05125	0.05125	0.04875	0.03125
MH Iss.	0.01625	—	0.95875	0.01625	0.27625	0.30875	1.02375
NWHI+Johnston	0.02625	4.96125	—	0.02625	0.02625	0.02625	0.49875
Okinawa	0.04625	0.05125	0.02875	—	0.04375	0.04875	0.04125
Ogasawara	0.04375	0.02625	0.03125	0.04375	—	0.04875	0.02875
Marshall Islands	0.46125	0.43875	0.41625	0.46125	0.39375	—	0.41625
Kingman Reef	0.69375	0.84375	0.80625	0.88125	0.01875	0.73125	—