Research Article
Modelling Reef Fish Population Responses to Fisheries Restrictions
in Marine Protected Areas in the Coral Triangle
Table 2
Functional groups, habitat specifications, and dispersal rates in Raja Ampat Ecospace model.
| Functional groups | Reef | 10 m Isobath | 20 m Isobath | 200 m Isobath | Deep >200 m | TL | Dispersal rate km·yr−1 | Dispersal rate reference |
| Mysticetae | | | | + | + | 3.49 | 10000 | [92] | Piscivorous odontocetae | | | + | + | + | 4.22 | 1000 | [93] | Deepdiving odontocetae | | | | + | + | 4.05 | 10000 | [94] | Dugongs | | + | + | | | 2.00 | 300 | (default) | Birds | + | + | + | + | + | 3.59 | 300 | (default) | Reef associated turtles | + | + | + | | | 3.27 | 1000 | [95] | Green turtles | | + | + | + | + | 2.20 | 1000 | [96, 97] | Oceanic turtles | | + | + | + | + | 3.44 | 10000 | [98] | Crocodiles | | + | + | | | 3.98 | 300 | (default) | Adult groupers | + | | | | | 3.65 | 30 | [56] | Subadult groupers | + | | | | | 3.70 | 220 | [99, 100] | Juvenile groupers | + | | | | | 3.70 | 100 | [59] | Adult snappers | + | | | | | 3.72 | 30 | [56] | Subadult snappers | + | | | | | 3.66 | 350 | [99, 100] | Juvenile snappers | + | | | | | 3.85 | 150 | [59] | Adult Napoleon wrasse | + | | | | | 3.85 | 30 | [56] | Subadult Napoleon wrasse | + | | | | | 3.62 | 100 | (guess) | Juvenile Napoleon wrasse | + | | | | | 3.40 | 150 | [59, 101] | Skipjack tuna | | + | + | + | + | 4.09 | 1000 | [102] | Other tuna | | + | + | + | + | 4.05 | 1000 | [103] | Mackerel | | + | + | + | | 3.79 | 1000 | [104] | Billfish | | | | + | + | 4.44 | 1000 | [105] | Adult coral trout | + | | | | | 3.88 | 6 | [55] | Juvenile coral trout | + | | | | | 3.85 | 150 | [59] | Adult large sharks | | | | + | + | 4.15 | 300 | (guess) | Juvenile large sharks | | | + | + | + | 3.86 | 300 | (guess) | Adult small sharks | | | + | + | | 4.28 | 100 | (guess) | Juvenile small sharks | | | + | + | | 4.11 | 100 | (guess) | Whale shark | + | + | + | + | + | 3.82 | 1000 | [106] | Manta ray | + | + | + | + | + | 3.74 | 1000 | (guess) | Adult rays | + | + | + | + | | 3.31 | 1000 | (guess) | Juvenile rays | + | + | + | + | | 3.42 | 1000 | (guess) | Adult butterflyfish | + | + | | | | 2.97 | 5 | [54] | Juvenile butterflyfish | + | | | | | 2.77 | 10 | [107] | Cleaner wrasse | + | | | | | 3.30 | 3 | (guess) | Adult large pelagic | | + | + | + | + | 3.89 | 500 | [108] | Juvenile large pelagic | | + | + | + | | 3.64 | 500 | [108] | Adult medium pelagic | | + | + | + | + | 3.62 | 300 | (guess) | Juvenile medium pelagic | | + | + | + | | 3.45 | 300 | (guess) | Adult small pelagic | + | + | + | + | | 3.59 | 200 | (guess) | Juvenile small pelagic | + | + | + | + | | 2.63 | 200 | (guess) | Adult large reef associated | + | | | | | 2.95 | 50 | [54, 56, 57] | Juvenile large reef associated | + | | | | | 3.06 | 150 | [59] | Adult medium reef | + | | | | | 3.08 | 50 | [54, 56, 57] | Juvenile medium reef | + | | | | | 2.38 | 150 | [59] | Adult small reef associated | + | | | | | 2.76 | 30 | [54, 57] | Juvenile small reef associated | + | | | | | 2.70 | 100 | [59] | Adult large demersal | | + | + | + | + | 3.21 | 200 | (guess) | Juvenile large demersal | | + | + | + | | 3.47 | 200 | (guess) | Adult small demersal | | + | + | + | | 3.61 | 100 | (guess) | Juvenile small demersal | | + | + | + | | 3.22 | 100 | (guess) | Adult large planktivore | + | | + | + | + | 3.39 | 200 | (guess) | Juvenile large planktivore | + | + | + | + | | 3.48 | 1000 | [108] | Adult small planktivore | + | + | + | | | 3.23 | 200 | (guess) | Juvenile small planktivore | + | + | + | | | 2.52 | 1000 | [108] | Adult anchovy | + | + | + | | | 3.31 | 500 | (guess) | Juvenile anchovy | + | + | + | | | 2.14 | 500 | (guess) | Adult deepwater fish | | | | | + | 3.83 | 300 | (default) | Juvenile deepwater fish | | | | + | + | 3.37 | 300 | (default) | Adult macro algal browsing | + | | | | | 2.47 | 50 | [54] | Juvenile macro algal | + | | | | | 2.16 | 100 | [59] | Adult eroding grazers | + | | | | | 2.45 | 50 | [54] | Juvenile eroding grazers | + | | | | | 2.71 | 100 | [59] | Adult scraping grazers | + | | | | | 2.16 | 5 | [54] | Juvenile scraping grazers | + | + | | | | 2.33 | 100 | [59] | Detritivore fish | + | + | + | + | | 2.24 | 50 | (guess) | Azooxanthellate corals | + | + | | | | 2.50 | 2 | [52] | Hermatypic scleractinian | + | | | | | 1.30 | 1 | [52] | Non reef building | + | | | | | 1.30 | 2 | [52] | Soft corals | + | + | | | | 1.75 | 2 | [52] | Calcareous algae | + | | | | | 1.00 | 2 | [51] | Anemones | | + | | | | 3.15 | 5 | (guess) | Penaeid shrimps | | + | + | + | + | 2.51 | 100 | [109] | Shrimps and prawns | + | + | + | | | 2.02 | 30 | [110] | Squid | | | | + | + | 3.49 | 300 | (default) | Octopus | + | + | + | | | 3.40 | 50 | [111] | Sea cucumbers | + | + | + | | | 2.00 | 20 | [51] | Lobsters | + | + | + | + | | 3.23 | 20 | [51] | Large crabs | + | + | + | + | | 2.95 | 20 | [51] | Small crabs | + | + | + | | | 2.51 | 20 | [51] | Crown of thorns | + | | | | | 2.47 | 20 | [51] | Giant triton | + | | | | | 3.34 | 20 | [51] | Herbivorous echinoids | + | + | + | | | 2.00 | 20 | [51] | Bivalves | + | + | + | + | | 2.20 | 20 | [51] | Sessile filter feeders | + | + | + | + | | 2.32 | 20 | [51] | Epifaunal detritivorous | + | + | + | | | 2.00 | 20 | [51] | Epifaunal carnivorous | + | + | + | | | 2.92 | 20 | [51] | Infaunal invertebrates | | + | + | + | | 2.01 | 20 | [51] | Jellyfish and hydroids | + | + | + | + | + | 3.10 | 300 | (default) | Carnivorous zooplankton | + | + | + | + | + | 3.18 | 300 | (default) | Large herbivorous | + | + | + | + | + | 2.00 | 300 | (default) | Small herbivorous | + | + | + | + | + | 2.00 | 300 | (default) | Phytoplankton | + | + | + | + | + | 1.00 | 300 | (default) | Macro algae | + | + | + | | | 1.00 | 20 | [51] | Sea grass | | + | + | | | 1.00 | 6 | [51] | Mangroves | | + | | | | 1.00 | 5 | (guess) | Fishery discards | + | + | + | + | + | 1.00 | 10 | (default) | Detritus | + | + | + | + | + | 1.00 | 10 | (default) |
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