Membranes of Polyvinylidene Fluoride and PVDF Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes via Immersion Precipitation

Table 1

Thermal analysis for PVDF and PVDF nanocomposite membranes.

Sample	Antisolvent	Δ𝐻𝑚, J/g	𝑋^𝑚𝑐 (%)	𝑇𝑚,𝑝 (^°C)	Δ𝐻𝑐, J/g	𝑋^𝑐𝑐 (%)	𝑇𝑐,𝑝 (^°C)
PVDF	Ethanol	51.32±1.01	48.77±0.59	168.03±0.39	41.5±0.56	39.67±0.54	132.4±0.78
5% MWNT-PVDF	Ethanol	56.6±1.62	54.41±1.24	166.13±0.62	41.33±2.11	39.27±1.89	142.89±3.02
PVDF	Water	44.9±1.06	42.9±1.05	168.03±0.30	41.16±1.05	39.26±0.99	133.48±0.39
5% MWNT-PVDF	Water	41.93±1.52	40.09±1.45	165.41±0.98	38.35±2.27	36.67±2.17	136.41±0.50

𝑇_𝑚,𝑝= nominal melting temperature, 𝑇_𝑐,𝑝= nominal crystallization temperature, Δ𝐻_𝑚= heat of fusion, Δ𝐻_𝑐= heat of crystallization, 𝑋^𝑚_𝑐= crystallinity from melting endotherm, 𝑋^𝑐_𝑐= crystallinity from crystallization exotherm. Average values and 95% confidence intervals are reported.