Advanced Nanomaterials in Multimodal Imaging: Design, Functionalization, and Biomedical Applications

Table 3

A chronological list of various IONP-based nanoparticles as MR imaging probes*.

SPIO-based nanoparticles	Application	Particle size (nm)	Relaxivity (mM^-1s^-1)	Reference
Cy5.5-R4-SS-CLIO	MR/optical in vivo imaging	68±13	𝑟^1=27.8; 𝑟^2=91.2	[38]
Cy5.5-CLIO-EPPT-FITC	MR/optical in vivo imaging for uMUC-1 tumor	35.8	𝑟^1=26.43; 𝑟^2=53.44	[39]
Cy5.5-Cltx-PEG-USPIO	MR/optical in vitro imaging for glioma brain tumor	10.5±1.5	n.a.	[40]
CoFe2O4@SiO2(FITC)	MR/optical in vitro imaging	60	n.a.	[41]
DySiO2-(Fe3O4)n	MR/optical in vitro imaging	46	𝑟^2=397	[42, 43]
FePt-Au	MR in vitro imaging	6(FePt)−10(Au)	𝑟^2=58.7	[44]
PVLA-USPIO	MR in vivo imaging for hepatocytes	25.8±6.1	n.a.	[45]
SPIO@SiO2(FITC)	MR in vivo imaging and human stem cell labeling	50	𝑟^2=128	[46, 47]
USPIO@SiO2	MR in vitro imaging and cell labeling	9.9±1.6	𝑟^1=0.55; 𝑟^2=339.80	[48]
APTMS-USPIO-cRGD	MR in vitro imaging for α vβ 3 integrin	10±3	𝑟^1=1.0; 𝑟^2=134.0	[49]
USPIO-4-MC-cRGD	MR in vivo imaging for α vβ 3 integrin	8.4±1.0	𝑟^2=165.0	[50]
VSOP-Cys-PEG-LCP	MR in vitro imaging for lung tumors	6.2±0.9	𝑟^1=11.5; 𝑟^2=142.0	[51]
SPIO-Doxo@LCP-MFM	MR in vitro imaging and drug delivery	48∼60	𝑟^2=400	[52]

*Abbreviations: CLIO: Cross-linked iron oxide; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; Cltx: Chlorotoxin; PVLA: Polyvinylbenzyl-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconamide; APTMS: Aminopropyl trimethoxysilane; MC: Methylcatechol; Doxo: Doxorubicin; LCP: Lung cancer-targeting peptide; MFM: Multifunctional micelle.