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AuNPs: size and functionalization | Conjugated/Targeted | Type of cancer | Techniques/Methods | Advantages | Ref. |
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25 nm | anti-EGFR | Precervical cancer | Illumination microscopy, combined with novel contrast agents | Powerful tool for detecting cellular and molecular changes | [78] |
PEG-modified AuNPs | Herceptin (HER) | Breast cancer cells | Molecular imaging | Promising imaging technique for early detection of cancer | [79] |
15 nm | anti-EGFR | Oral cancer | SERS | Saliva-based assay for early diagnosis of oral cancer | [80] |
60–80 nm pegylated | ScFv (single-chain variable fragment) | Head-and-neck | SERS | Optical and EM probes for tumor detection | [81] |
Au nanorods | anti-EGFR | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | SERS | Bioimaging and cancer biodiagnostics | [82] |
45 nm * 15 nm Au nanorod | Her-2/neu antigen | Prostate cancer detection | Contrast photoacoustic imaging | Visual tool for molecular and structural information | [83] |
15 nm | F19 monoclonal antibodies | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | Light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, and TEM | Novel labeling method | [84] |
20 nm | Aptamer | Leukemia and lymphoma | Spectroscopic method | Early and accurate detection of cancer | [85] |
Oval shaped (14 nm length and 18 nm width) | anti-HER2/c erb-2 antibody and aptamers | Breast cancer | Colorimetric and two-photon scattering | Rapid and highly sensitive | [86] |
AuNPs (size not known) | Tag-PC-3 | Prostate cancer | Photoacoustic waves | Detect single cells under flow condition | [87] |
Au functionalized with PEG (90 nm) | EGF-ligand and tag Raman receptor | Circulation tumor | SERS | New clinical tool for management of patients with SCCHN | [69] |
nm | anti-CA15-3-HRP antibody | Breast cancer | ELISA | Cancer biomarker detection | [88] |
20 nm | cationic protein kinase C (PKC-alpha) peptide | Breast cancer | GNP-based colorimetric assay | Initial screening during cancer diagnosis | [89] |
100 to 150 nm | anticarcinoembryonic antibody | Cancer | ELISA | Early diagnosis of cancer | [90] |
30 nm (±10)–150.5 (±30.4) nm | ENO1 antibody | Lung cancer | Electrochemical-based immune sensor | Quantitative tests protein and cancer biomarkers | [19] |
15 nm | Functionalized glassy carbon electrode (GCE) | Lung and liver cancer, drug-sensitive leukemia cells, and drug-resistant leukemia | Electrochemical and contact angle measurements | Rapid identification and highly sensitive detection for cancer | [70] |
Hollow Au nanospheres (thicknes 45–12 and 15–5 nm) | pAb and mAb anti-CEA antibodies, | MCF7 cells | SERS immunoassay technique | Novel immunoassay technique | [91] |
35 nm | anti-EGFR | Oral epithelial living cancer | SPR | Useful molecular biosensor | [92] |
Au DENPs | folic acid (FA), and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI) | Epithelial cancer | Imaging | Imaging and therapeutics | [93] |
20 nm | Heparin-DOPA coated | Liver cells-specific CT imaging | Imaging | Potential CT imaging | [94] |
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