Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dye by Sol-Gel-Derived Gallium-Doped Anatase Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation

Table 1

Different structural parameters of undoped and metal-doped TiO₂.

Parameters	TiO2	TiO2 : Ga
Effective crystallite size (𝐿^effcryst) (nm) (from XRD data)	10.4	11.8
Effective strain (𝜀^eff) (from XRD data)	7.53 × 10^−3	2.71 × 10^−2
Average particle size (𝐿^avg) (nm) (from HRTEM micrographs)	15.3	17.8
Atomic ratio (Ti : O : Ga) (from EDX data)	33.87±0.51 : 66.12±0.65	33.49±0.52 : 65.51±0.66: 0.99±0.047