Journal of Nanomaterials

Research Article

Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dye by Sol-Gel-Derived Gallium-Doped Anatase Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation

Table 2

Various XPS data of O and Ti species within the undoped and metal-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles.


Electronic levels		Fitting parameters	TiO₂	TiO₂ : Ga

O 1s	Ti–O	B.E. (eV)	530.5	530.5
		FWHM (eV)	1.02	1.06
		Area¹ (%)	66.0	58.4
	Ti–OH	B.E. (eV)	531.7	531.9
		FWHM (eV)	2.77	3.34
		Area¹ (%)	34.0	41.6

Ti 2p	Ti⁺⁴ 2p_3/2	B.E. (eV)	459.3	459.3
		FWHM (eV)	1.02	1.08
		Area² (%)	69.3	69.1
	Ti⁺⁴ 2p_1/2	B.E. (eV)	465.0	465.0
		FWHM (eV)	1.68	1.75
		Area² (%)	30.7	30.9
	Ti⁺³ 2p_3/2	B.E. (eV)	—	457.8
		FWHM (eV)	—	1.02
		Area³ (%)	—	6.1

Ga 3d	Due to elemental Ga in Ga⁺³–O	B.E. (eV)	—	21.3
		FWHM (eV)	—	5.27
		Area⁴	—	33.3
	Due to formation of Ga-Ti complex	B.E. (eV)	—	22.7
		FWHM (eV)	—	2.74
		Area⁴	—	66.7

¹With respect to the entire area under the O 1s curve.
²With respect to the entire area under the Ti 2p curve.
³With respect to the area under the Ti 2p_3/2 curve only.
⁴With respect to the entire area under the Ga 3d curve(s).