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| Cardiovascular system |
| References | Crystal phase composition (particle size in nm) | Type of exposure | Type and number of animals | Results |
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| Wang et al., 2007 [121] | TiO2 (25, 80, 155) | Intragastric administration: 5 g/kg TiO2 in a minute. | 20 male and female CD-1 (ICR) mice per group | Biochemical parameters: 80 and 25 nm TiO2 increased LDH and alpha-HBDH compared to controls and fine group. |
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| Chen et al., 2009 [22] | Anatase TiO2 (80–110) | Intraperitoneal injections: 32–2592 mg/kg TiO2. | 10 male and female ICR mice per group | Vascular system: pulmonary thrombosis |
|
| Liu et al., 2009 [122] | Anatase TiO2 (5)
Bulk rutile TiO2 (10–15 μm) | Intra-abdominal injections: 5–150 mg/kg BW anatase TiO2 and 150 mg/kg bulk TiO2 everyday for 14 days. | 10 female CD-1 (ICR) mice per group | Biochemical parameters: CK, LDH, AST, and alpha-HBDH were increased by both TiO2. |
|
| Bu et al., 2010 [129] | Rutile-anatase TiO2 mixture (<50) | Intragastric administration: 0.16–1 g/kg TiO2 once a day for 14 consecutive days. | 16 male and female Wistar rats per group | Biochemical parameters: increased CK and LDH. |
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| Bihari et al., 2010 [123] | Rutile TiO2 (~) | Intravenous administration: 1 mg/kg TiO2 10 min before thrombosis induction. | 8 male C57BL/6Ncrl mice | Mesenteric and cremasteric thrombosis: not determined. |
|
| Nurkiewicz et al., 2008 [124] | P25 anatase-rutile TiO2 (21)
TiO2 (1 μm) | Inhalation: 1.5–20 mg/m3 TiO2 for 120–720 min. | 7–12 male Sprague Dawley rats per group | Spinotrapezious arteriolar endothelium dilation: impaired by both TiO2. |
|
| Nurkiewicz et al., 2009 [125] | P25 anatase-rutile TiO2 (21)
Rutile TiO2 (1 μm) | Inhalation: 1.5–16 mg/m3 TiO2 for 240–720 min. | 8–16 male Sprague Dawley rats per group | Spinotrapezious arteriolar endothelium dilation: impaired by both TiO2. |
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| LeBlanc et al., 2009 [126] | P25 anatase-rutile TiO2 (21) | Inhalation: 6 mg/m3 TiO2 for 240 min. | 26 male Sprague Dawley rats | Coronary arteriolar endothelium: TiO2 increased spontaneous arteriolar tone and impaired flow and vasodilator induced dilation. |
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| LeBlanc et al., 2010 [127] | P25 anatase-rutile TiO2 (21) | Inhalation: 6 mg/m3 TiO2 for 240 min. | 50 male Sprague Dawley rats | Coronary arteriolar endothelium dilation: impaired by TiO2.
Oxidative stress: ROS increased in coronary microvascular walls. |
|
| Courtois et al., 2010 [128] | P25 Degussa TiO2 (15) | Intratracheal instillation: 100 μg TiO2 in 0.5 mL saline. | Male Wistar or Sprague Dawley rats | Intralobar arteries vasomotor responses to PGF2α, KCl, Ach: not altered. |
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| Nemmar et al., 2011 [79] | Rutile Fe-doped TiO2 (length: 80; diameter: 7) | Intratracheal instillation: 1, 5 mg/kg TiO2 | 4 male Wistar rats per group | Cardiovascular parameter: HR and SBP increased |
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