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Approach | Authors and year | Applications | Cell types | Materials | Delivery routes | Reference |
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Cell sheet engineering | Kikuchi and Okano, 2005 Matsuda et al., 2007 Shimizu et al., 2003 Masuda et al., 2008 Yang et al., 2007 Yang et al., 2006 | Severe heart failure, myocardial tissue reconstruction | (i) Chick embryo cardiomyocytes (ii) Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (iii) Skeletal myoblasts (iv) MSCs (v) Coculture of cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells | Temperature-responsive culture dishes: PNIPAAm grafted to TCPS | (i) Transplantation into dorsal subcutaneous tissues (ii) Direct transplantation into host damaged heart | [61–66] |
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Cell sheet fragments | Chen et al., 2007 Wang et al., 2008 Yeh et al., 2010 | MI | (i) Rat bone marrow MSCs (ii) hAFSCs | Thermoresponsive MC hydrogel coated on TCPS dishes | Transplantation via direct intramyocardial injection | [67–69] |
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Tissue-bioengineered cardiac patches: scaffolds (biological or synthetic) laden with cell culture system | Piao et al., 2007 Wei et al., 2008 Huang et al., 2010 Chen et al., 2010 | Heart failure associated with MI | (i) Rat BMMNCs (ii) Rat bone marrow MSCs (iii) Cardiomyocytes differentiated from hESCs (iv) Murine ESCs | (i) Porous acellular bovine pericardia (ii) PGCL (iii) PGS (iv) Thermoresponsive MC hydrogel system coated on TCPS dishes | Implantation and suture over different infarcted areas | [70–73] |
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(i) Cell sheets (ii) Bioengineered patches (iii) Hydrogels | Scudellari, 2009 | Heart diseases | (i) Skeletal myoblasts (ii) BMCs (iii) MSCs (iv) Cardiac stem cells (v) ESCs (vi) iPS | (i) Biomaterials (ii) Biological constructs | (i) Direct injection into the heart muscle (ii) Percutaneous injection catheter-based delivery | [74] |
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