Enhanced Ca²⁺ Entry and Tyrosine Phosphorylation Mediate Nanostructure-Induced Endothelial Proliferation

Figure 5

Nuclear translocation of β-catenin on ripples is sensitive to Gd³⁺. Confocal microscopy images of β-catenin distribution (red) in HMEC grown on the indicated substrate. Cells were incubated with 10 μM Gd³⁺ for 6 h at 37°C (a). Lower panels: representative profile plots along the indicated cell section (yellow line) show intensity distribution of β-catenin as relative immunofluorescence intensity (𝑦-axis) along the distance in pixel (𝑥-axis). Scale bars represent 10 μm. Bar graphs representing the nuclear to cytosolic ratio of β-catenin immunofluorescence (b); values ± SEM; 𝑛≥60 from 3 independent experiments, calculated from 3 different images of each experiment; ^∗𝑃<0.05; ^∗∗𝑃<0.001 compared to CTRL.

(a)

(b)