TiO_𝟐-Based Photocatalytic Process for Purification of Polluted Water: Bridging Fundamentals to Applications

Table 1

Engineered TiO₂, the associated treated targets, reactors and principal operation parameters.

TiO2	Water	Reactor	Principal operation parameters investigated	References
TiO2 P25	Pharmaceutical wastewater	Sequencing; batch biological reactor	H2O2 dosage, TiO2 dosage, pH, irradiation, time and hydraulic retention time	[73]
TiO2/carbon aerogel	High-concentration dye wastewater	Photocatalysis-enhanced electrosorption reactor	Electrochemical adsorption, potential, temperature, initial pH, and wavelength	[74]
TiO2 P25	Wastewater treatment plant effluents	Lab-scale solar photoreactor	Temperature, pH, and light wavelength	[75]
TiO2 nanofiber	Hospital wastewater	Batch annular slurry photoreactor (ASP)	Fine bubble aeration, light wavelength, and pH	[76]
Nano TiO2	Paper mill wastewater	Solar reactor	TiO2 dosage, pH	[59]
C-TiO2	Antibiotics wastewater	A computerized Luzchem CCP-4V photochemical reactor	pH, wastewater flow rate	[77]
TiO2 P25	Antibiotics wastewater	Capacity cylindrical acrylic photoreactor	pH, gas rate, light intensity, and TiO2 dosage	[78]
TiO2/SiO2 beads	Organic compounds-containing wastewater	Batch recirculation type photocatalytic reactor	pH, wastewater flow rate	[79]
TiO2 P25	Textile wastewater	Pebble bed photocatalytic reactor	TiO2 pebbles, water treatment after absorption of reflow exhaust gas	[80]
TiO2 P25	Industrial wastewater	A hermetically sealed photoreactor	Pressure, adsorption time, and temperature	[81]
PFT/TiO2	Toxic heavy metals wastewater	A column glass photoreactor	Wavelength	[82]
TiO2 P25	Secondary effluent	A cylindrical glass reactor	Amount of TiO2 loaded, maximum emission peak	[83]
TiO2/Ti anode	Textile wastewater	A thin-film photoelectrocatalytic reactor	pH, lamp position, and light intensity	[84, 85]
TiO2 P25	Pharmaceutical and cosmetic wastewater	Common photoreactor	pH, time, catalysts, and H2O2 concentration	[86]
TiO2 P25	Olive mill wastewater	Common photoreactor	Light wavelength, pH	[87]
TiO2 P25	Textile dyehouse wastewater	Immersion well batch-type photoreactor	pH, light wavelength, temperature, and H2O2 concentration	[22]
TiO2/SiO2	DNP and municipal wastewater	Fixed bed circulation type reactor	Water flow rate, residence time	[88]
Ag–TiO2	Seawater	poly (methyl methacrylate); reactors	temperature, dosage of bacterial suspension, and O3	[89]
S–TiO2	MC-LR in surface water	Borosilicate glass dish	pH, light wavelength	[90]
nano TiO2	Drinking water	Tank-style reactor	Permeate flux with a membrane,	[91]
TiO2 P25	Surface water	Photovoltaic reactor	Temperature,	[92]
TiO2 P25	Benzalkonium chloride	Annular glass reactor	Light wavelength, TiO2 dosage	[93]
NF-TiO2-P25 films	Drinking water	Glass; vessel reactor	Light intensity, pH	[94]
TiO2 microsphere	Organic compounds-containing wastewater	Cylindrical photoreactor	Light wavelength, concentration of TiO2 suspensions	[66]
TiO2 films	MC-LR in surface water	Sealed round pyrex reactor	Temperature, water flow rate, pH, TiO2 coating surface area, and thickness	[95]
TiO2(P25)-AGS	Toxic heavy metal wastewater	A photocatalytic bath	pH, dosage of catalyst, and temperature	[96]
TiO2 P25	Drinking water	Cylindrical Pyrex reaction vessel	Catalyst loading, light wavelength	[97]
TiO2 P25	Organic compounds-containing wastewater	A thermostated reactor	Temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration	[60]
TiO2-modified nanofiltration membranes	Organic compounds-containing wastewater	Cell reactor	Light intensity, temperatures	[98]
TiO2 P25	Textile wastewater	Immersion well reactor	Dosage of TiO2 and H2O2, pH	[99]
TiO2 film supported on a porous nickel net	Pesticides	Reactor with ozone generator	pH, ozone dosage, treatment time and temperature	[100]
TiO2 nanotubular arrays	Swimming pool water	Cylindrical glass reactor	pH, potential	[101]