Fabrication of Orderly Copper Particle Arrays on a Multi-Electrolyte-Step Anodic Aluminum Oxide Template

Figure 4

Nanochannel arrays grown with the one-step process at voltages of (a) 120, (b) 130, (c) 140, and (d) 150 V; five-step at voltages of (e) 120, (f) 130, (g) 140, and (h) 150 V; and the MES process at voltages of (i) 120, (j) 130, (k) 140, and (l) 150 V.

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(b)

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(l)