In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Sol-Gel Derived TiO₂ Coatings Based on a Variety of Precursors and Synthesis Conditions

Table 1

Characteristics of the surface roughness parameters for the particular titania dioxide coatings as measured by AFM.

Substrate	Layer	𝑅𝑎 (nm)	𝑅𝑞 (nm)
Stainless steel 316L	Pure	164	255
	TiO2/1	210	280
	TiO2/2	190	230
	TiO2/3	150	190

𝑅_𝑎: arithmetic average roughness; 𝑅_𝑞: root mean square roughness.