Fabrication, Characterization, Properties, and Applications of Low-Dimensional BiFeO₃ Nanostructures

Table 1

Summary of various approaches for fabricating the BFO low-dimensional nanostructures.

Approaches	Advantages	Disadvantages	Structures
Bottom-up
Sol-gel	Facile regulation	Long reaction time	Nanoparticle
	Low reaction temperature
Template	Easy process	Limited aspect ratio	Nanowire/tube
	uniform size and array
Hydrothermal	Easy process	Harsh reaction condition	Nanoparticle/wire
	high crystallinity
	low reaction temperature
Top-down
FIB	High resolution	Surface damage	Nanoisland/array
	uniform size and array	low throughput