|
| Processes | Phenol level in
wastewater | Capacity | Stage of
development | Capital
cost | Operating
cost | Performance | Complete destruction
of phenol | Residue
generation | Reference |
|
| Physical | High (>500 mg L−1) | High | | High | High | For phenol recovery, >99% | No | | |
Liquid-liquid extraction,
carbon adsorption,
resin adsorption, and so forth | | | Well developed | | | | | Recovered/condensed phenol for further treatment; adsorbate must be processed for regeneration; spent adsorbates needs treatment/disposal | [25] |
| Liquid membrane | | | Developed | | | | | Recovered/condensed phenol for further treatment | [25] |
| Biological | Intermediate (<500 mg L−1) | High | Developed | High | Low | For final treatment, >99% | No | Sludge needs further treatment/disposal | [25] |
| Chemical | | | | | | | | | |
| Wet air oxidation | High | High | Well developed | High | High | Pretreatment for bio-treatment, high temperature/pressure technology | No | Some | [25] |
| Supercritical water oxidation | High | High | Developed | High | High | Up to 100%, high temperature/pressure technology | Yes | Not likely | [25, 26] |
| Ozonation | Low-intermediate | High | Developed | High | High | >99% | No | Off gasses needs further treatment | [25] |
Oxidation by chlorine dioxide,
hydrogen peroxide and
potassium permanganate | | Low | Developed | Low | High | Up to 100%, generally require facilities for oxidants generation on site, | Yes | Likely | [26, 27] |
| Electrolysis | Intermediate | High | Not fully developed | Low | High | Up to 100%, requires high energy input | No | Possible | [26] |
| Ultrasound | Intermediate | Low | Not fully developed | Low | High | Up to 100%, requires high energy input | Yes | Not likely | [26] |
| Homogeneous photocatalysis | Low (<5 mg L−1) | Low | Not fully developed | Low | High | Up to 100%, requires input of UV energy, H2O2, Fe2+, O3, and so forth | Yes | Not likely | [26] |
| Heterogeneous photocatalysis | Low (<5 mg L−1) | Low | Not fully developed | Low | High | Up to 100%, requires high UV radiation intensity (>100 W) | Yes | Not likely | [26] |
| Catalysis by CT | Low (<5 mg L−1) | Low | Laboratory feasible | Low | Low | Up to 100%, requires LOW UV radiation intensity (<30 W) | Yes | No | This study |
|
