Abstract
The cavity mode and carrier density in dispersive and nonlinear gain planar photonic crystal cavities are studied with the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. Planar photonic crystal cavity can enhance light mater interaction, which can be used to design a photonic crystal cavity laser. With the effect of both total internal reflection and photonic band gap confinement, the frequency responses of the planar photonic crystal cavity can be obtained by simulation. The effect of carrier diffusion is calculated through the laser rate equations. The electric field intensity distribution, temporal behavior of electric field energy, and carrier density characteristics are analyzed from the resonance cavity mode.
1. Introduction
Many kinds of photonic crystal (PhC) cavities have been studied [1–3]. The frequency responses of the planar photonic crystal defect structure can be studied with the effect of both total internal reflection and photonic band gap confinement. The effects of carrier diffusion in planar photonic crystal lasers have been studied using the nonlinear dispersive finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method with solving the Maxwell equations in dispersive and nonlinear media [4–9]. The electrically driven PhC laser was analyzed with the FDTD method in studying interaction of light and matter [10]. The PhC microlaser analyses were studied with the FDTD method combined with the two-dimensional laser rate equation solver [11]. The three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method that can handle dispersive and dynamic nonlinear gain media is proposed and realized in PhC laser cavity [12, 13]. The design of photonic crystal semiconductor optical amplifier with polarization independence was sported [14]. The impulse response function has been extended based on the linear systems using a self-consistent time-transformation approach so that it can be applied to nonlinear media [15].
In our paper, the photonic crystal cavity structures including one and two cavities are studied. The photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting cavity is the light outputting region and is used to improve the outputting power of the modes. In order to study the dynamic interaction between the dispersive gain medium and electromagnetic fields in the PhC laser cavity, the dispersive nonlinear FDTD combined with auxiliary differential equations (ADE) method and the equation of carrier diffusion is applied. With the effect of both total internal reflection and photonic band gap confinement, the frequency responses of the planar photonic crystal cavity are studied. And the electric field intensity, temporal behavior of electric field energy, and carrier density characteristics are directly observed from the resonance modes.
2. Nonlinear Dispersive Gain FDTD Method with ADE Method
The nonlinear dispersive gain FDTD method has been used to a PhC laser [12, 13] and a semiconductor optical amplifier of PhC waveguides [14]. The relationship between the electric displacement and the electric field can describe the different real material. Instead of having the relationship where is a scalar constant, one can describe different behaviors of material regarding as a function. The permittivity can also be written as a nonlinear function of the applied electric field to account for nonlinear media. The material parameters can also be functions of time. It should be noted that the permittivity can also be a function of position to describe spatial inhomogeneities. When the permittivity of a material is a function of frequency, the material is dispersive.
The nonlinear dispersive gain medium is approximated by the complex electric relative permittivity based on the classical model of the Lorentzian dipole oscillators and expressed by . The optical property is difficult to be analytically described in the visible/near-UV region due to the interband transitions. In order to achieve a reasonable representation of the dielectric function, Etchegoin et al. [16] took inspiration from the parametric critical points model developed for semiconductors [17]. In this approach, the frequency dependence of the optical properties of nonlinear dispersive gain medium in the visible/near-UV region may be well described by an analytical formula with two main contributions that can be expressed as follows. Thus, we can write [12–14] the following: where the resonance frequency and the damping constant are THz and THz, respectively, is 11.9, the is real part of refractive index, is light velocity in vacuum, the material gain depends on the carrier density and position , the has the form , cm−3 is transparent carrier density, the cm−1 is the linear gain constant, the and are the elementary charge and the Planck constant, the cm2 s−1 is the ambipolar carrier diffusion coefficient in (3), is the pump-current density, and is the carrier life-time. The loss of the carrier density due to nonradiative recombination is shown in (4) with s−1, cm3s−1, and cm6s−1 being the coefficients due to surface recombination, spontaneous radiative recombination, and Auger recombination, respectively.
We can use two time-varying Maxwell equations to simulate the behaviors of electromagnetic waves in dispersive gain medium by applying nonlinear dispersive gain FDTD method. The two time-varying Maxwell equations are shown as follows:
The complex electric relative permittivity can be used by introducing displacement vector where and are the Fourier coefficients of and .
To show the nonlocality in time, the term has the form
We can obtain the following equations from (1): We obtain the following equation after rearranging (11): Then, taking the inverse Fourier transformation of (12), Representing (13) in terms of finite-differences,
Taking the inverse Fourier transformation of (10), we obtain Expressing (15) for electric field in terms of finite-differences,
And the similar updated equation for magnetic field in terms of finite-differences is as follows:
3. Simulation Results of the PhC Cavity
Figure 1 shows the structure of a planar photonic crystal defect cavity which is created by a missing air hole in the photonic crystal slab with triangular lattice arrays along the direction. The basic unit size of a PhC is the length of the period, which is usually called lattice constant a. The radius of air holes and the thickness of the PhC slab are 0.29a and 0.6a, respectively. The dielectric constant of the dielectric slab material is assumed to be 11.56.
The red sandwich layer is the dispersive nonlinear gain medium that is buried in the PhC slab as shown in Figure 1. The intrinsic carrier density 1.5 × 1012 cm−3 is used as the initial carrier density in the beginning (). The intensity of injection current is 5e16 A/m3. The injection current is uniformly supplied over the circular region of radius 2.5a inside the red sandwich layer around the center of cavity.
Because the structure shows a TE-like photonic band gap from 0.256 to 0.32 in normalized frequency () [17], we use an initial TE-polarized electric field to excite the TE-like mode of the defect structure. A point pulse source with the electric field originated in the direction is placed at the center of the defect cavity. In Figure 2, the frequency response of the PhC defect cavity at 0.2895 is located inside photonic band gap.
The intensity distributions of electric field for the defect mode at 0.2895 are shown (a) in the plane, (b) in the plane, and (c) in the plane in Figure 3. The intensity distributions of carrier density for the defect mode at 0.2895 are shown (a) in the plane, (b) in the plane, and (c) in the plane in Figure 4. The cavity mode preferentially consumes the carriers shaping up the region of the strong electric field with a characteristic carrier density profile.
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To study the temporal development of the cavity mode, the energy of electric field in the cavity mode and the carrier density are computed with the result plot given in Figure 5. (a) The temporal behavior of the and (b) carrier density of the PhC defect cavity for the pulse incident wave are shown in Figure 5. It is also interesting to observe the relaxation oscillation after the onset of the cavity mode.
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This oscillation gradually decays out. Compared to the temporal behavior, (a) the steady-state behavior of the and (b) carrier density for the continuous incident wave are also shown in Figure 6. The steady-state oscillation appears after 12 fs for the continuous incident wave. It is expected that both the energy of electric field and the carrier density approach their steady-state values in 12 fs.
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Figure 7(a) shows the structure of a planar photonic crystal defect cavity which is created by two missing air holes in the photonic crystal slab. The red area layer is the nonlinear gain region and spatially uniform current pumping area in the PhC slab. The frequency response of the two PhC defect cavities shows that there exist two defect resonance modes at frequencies 0.283 and 0.2928 within the photonic band gap as shown in Figure 7(b). The intensity distributions of electrical field and carrier density with frequencies 0.283 and 0.2928 in the simulation of FDTD are shown in Figures 8(a)–8(d), respectively. The intensity distributions of electric field for the two resonance modes at frequencies 0.283 and 0.2928 in the plane are shown in Figures 8(a) and 8(c). The intensity of the lower frequency mode at frequency 0.283 is much stronger than that of the higher frequency mode at frequency 0.2928.
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4. Conclusions
In summary, we have used the three-dimensional FDTD method for the numerical simulation of cavity modes in dispersive and nonlinear gain planar photonic crystal cavity. Using this method, we have studied the frequency responses of the planar photonic crystal cavity. The study includes the distribution of the electric field intensity. Furthermore, the carrier density characteristics are also obtained from the laser rate equations.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants nos. 11247003, 51175172, and 11304094, the Open Research Fund of National Laboratory for Infrared Physics (GJKF20130027 and GJKF20130028), the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (12C0143 and 13C323). The authors are most grateful to Yejin Zhang for stimulating discussions [14].