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| Authors | Nanofluid materials | Dispersing equipment | Stabilizers/pH control | Stability and stability evaluation method |
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| Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [5] | TiO2/water | Ultrasonic vibrator for 3-4 h | CTAB/— | Agglomeration was observed by TEM |
| Lotfi et al. [6] | MWNTs (MWCNTs)/water | Ultrasonic bath for 60 min and magnetic stirrer for 3 hr | COOH functional groups/— | — |
| Zhu et al. [7] | Al2O3/water | Ultrasonic bath for at least 1 h | SDBS 0.1 wt.%/pH = 8.0-9.0 | Zeta potential, static position method, and spectrometer |
| Phuoc et al. [8] | MWCNTs/water | Ultrasonic processor for 10 min and magnetic stirrer for 20 min (repeated two times) | Chitosan/— | (i) Stable for months
(ii) Static position and density analyzer |
| Kumaresan and Velraj [9] | MWCNTs/water-ethylene glycol (EG) mixture | Magnetic stirrer for 30 min, followed by ultrasonication for 90 min | SDBS 0.1 vol.%/— | (i) Stable for more than 3 months
(ii) Static position method, visual observation |
| Teng et al. [10] | Carbon/water | Magnetic stirrer for 1 hr, homogenizer for 30 min, and ultrasonic liquid processor for 30 min (repeated five times) | Water-soluble chitosan/— | Static position method, spectrometer, and zeta potential |
| Ding et al. [11] | MWCNTs/water | Ultrasonic bath for 24 hr, high shear homogenizer for 30 min | Gum Arabic (GA)/pH = 6 | (i) Very stable for months
(ii) Static position method and visual observation |
| Peng et al. [12] | Cu/R113 (refrigerant-based) | Ultrasonic processor for 1 h | SDS, CTAB, Span-80/— | (i) Stable for more than 24 hr
(ii) Static position method, visual observation, and spectrometer |
| Yousefi et al. [13] | MWCNTs/water | Ultrasonic disruptor for 30 min | Triton X-100/pH = 3.5, 6.5, and 9.5 | (i) Stable for more than 10 days
(ii) Static position method and visual observation |
| Raveshi et al. [14] | Al2O3/water-EG mixture | Ultrasonic bath for 4 hr and magnetic stirrer for 5 h | SDBS/— | (i) Stable for more than 3 days
(ii) Static position method and visual observation |
| Li et al. [15] | CuO/water | Ultrasonic cleanser for at least 1 hr | TX-10, CTAB, and SDBS/pH = 9.5 | Static position method and spectrometer |
| Nieh et al. [16] | Al2O3 and TiO2/water-EG mixture | Magnetic stirrer for 1.5 hr, homogenizer for 30 min, and ultrasonic liquid processor for 30 min (repeated five times) | Water-soluble chitosan/— | Spectrometer |
| Li et al. [17] | Cu/water | Ultrasonic bath for at least 15 min | SDBS 0.02 wt.%/pH = 8.5–9.5 | Zeta potential |
| Hwang et al. [18] | Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/water | Ultrasonic disruptor for 2 hr | SDS/— | Visual observation |
| Ho et al. [19] | Al2O3/water | Ultrasonic bath for at least 2 h | —/pH = 3 | visual observation |
| Kathiravan et al. [20] | Cu/water | Ultrasonic bath for about 10 h | SDS/— | Agglomeration was observed by TEM |
| Yousefi et al. [21] | Al2O3/water | Ultrasonic disruptor for 30 min | Triton X-100/— | Stable for three days |
| Byrne et al. [22] | CuO/water | High intensity ultrasonic processor for 7-8 hr | CTAB/— | (i) Stable for more than 7 days
(ii) STEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement |
| Wang et al. [23] | Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)/heavy water (D2O) | Ultrasonicated for 24 h | Triton X-100/— | Systematic small angle neutron scattering (SANS) |
| Dong et al. [24] | CuPc-U (unsulfonated and hydrophobic) and CuPc-S (surface sulfonated and hydrophilic)/(water-NaNO3 mixture) | Ultrasonic bath for 30 min | Triton X-100/— | DLS measurement |
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