Nanocrystallization of Vanadium Borophosphate Glass for Improving the Electrical and Catalytic Properties

Figure 5

V 2p_3/2 core level spectra fitted with a single peak of V⁵⁺ and V⁴⁺ for glasses (a) annealed at 225°C and heated for crystallization at 275°C for (b) 1, (c) 3, and (d) 5 h.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)