Biosynthesis of Anisotropic Silver Nanoparticles by Bhargavaea indica and Their Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics against Pathogenic Microorganisms

Table 2

Individual and combined efficacy of commercial antibiotics with biosynthesised anisotropic silver nanoparticles against pathogenic microorganisms.

Pathogenic strain	MY15	MY15 + AgNPs	FA^‡	OL15	OL15 + AgNPs	FA^‡	NV30	NV30 + AgNPs	FA^‡
	()	()		()	()		()	()
S. enterica	0^†	12 ± 0.5	3	0^†	12 ± 0.2	3	0^†	14 ± 0.9	4.44
E. coli	0^†	13 ± 0.3	3.69	0^†	13 ± 0.6	3.69	0^†	14 ± 1	4.44
V. parahaemolyticus	0^†	15 ± 0.4	5.25	0^†	15 ± 0.3	5.25	0^†	17 ± 0.6	7.02
Average			3.98			3.98			5.3
B. anthracis	14 ± 0.1	16 ± 0.1	0.31	15 ± 0.4	18 ± 0.2	0.44	19 ± 0.2	22 ± 0.3	0.34
B. cereus	16 ± 0.2	18 ± 0.6	0.26	22 ± 0.3	24 ± 0.5	0.19	22 ± 0.1	25 ± 0.4	0.29
S. aureus	25 ± 0.1	28 ± 0.5	0.25	22 ± 0.2	25 ± 0.7	0.29	30 ± 0.3	34 ± 1	0.28
Average			0.27			0.31			0.30
Pathogenic strain	VA30	VA30 + AgNPs	FA^‡	P10	P10 + AgNPs	FA^‡	RD5	RD5 + AgNPs	FA^‡
	()	()		()	()		()	()
S. enterica	0^†	12 ± 0.3	3	0^†	12 ± 1	3	0^†	13 ± 0.5	3.69
E. coli	0^†	13 ± 0.4	3.69	0^†	13 ± 1.2	3.69	0^†	13 ± 0.2	3.69
V. parahaemolyticus	0^†	14 ± 0.2	4.44	0^†	14 ± 1.5	4.44	0^†	15 ± 0.3	5.25
Average			3.71			3.71			4.21
B. anthracis	15 ± 0.5	19 ± 0.7	0.6	0^†	15 ± 0.5	5.25	12 ± 0.2	16 ± 0.7	0.78
B. cereus	17 ± 0.2	20 ± 0.6	0.38	8 ± 0.3	16 ± 0.8	3	13 ± 0.3	15 ± 0.4	0.33
S. aureus	16 ± 0.4	20 ± 0.2	0.56	36 ± 0.5	40 ± 0.8	0.23	27 ± 0.4	29 ± 0.6	0.15
Average			0.52			2.83			0.42
Pathogenic strain		CHX			CHX + AgNPs				FA^‡
C. albicans		0^†			13 ± 0.5				3.69

Notes. ^†In the absence of bacterial growth inhibition zones, the disc’s diameter (6 mm) was used to calculate the fold increases [13].
^‡Increase in fold area (FA) = .
MY15: lincomycin 15 g/disk, OL15: oleandomycin 15 g/disk, VA30: vancomycin 30 g/disk, NV30: novobiocin 30 g/disk, P10: penicillin G 10 g/disk, and RD5: rifampicin 5 g/disk; CHX: cycloheximide, 10 g/disk; AgNPs: biosynthesised anisotropic silver nanoparticles, 30 L (100 ppm).