Characterization and Evaluation of the Improved Performance of Modified Reverse Osmosis Membranes by Incorporation of Various Organic Modifiers and SnO₂ Nanoparticles

Figure 5

SEM and EDX of TFC reference and modified membrane with SnO₂ nanoparticles.

(a) EDX of TFC reference

(b) SEM of TFC reference

(c) EDX of modified membrane (0.003 wt.%)

(d) SEM of modified membrane (0.003 wt.%)

(e) EDX of modified membrane (0.005 wt.%)

(f) SEM of modified membrane (0.005 wt.%)

(g) EDX of modified membrane (0.08 wt.%)

(h) SEM of modified membrane (0.08 wt.%)