Copper: Synthesis Techniques in Nanoscale and Powerful Application as an Antimicrobial Agent

Table 2

Chemical substances for the Cu NPs synthesis.

Copper precursor	Reducing agent	Stabilizer	Medium	Temperature	Morphology and size (nm) and maximum absorption peak (nm)
Copper nitrate [99]	Ascorbic acid	Chemical grade starch	Distilled and deionized water	Room temp.	Spherical, 5–12 nm
Copper nitrate (II) [42]	Cethyl trimethylammonium in isoprophyl alcohol	Bromide, cetyl trimethyl ammonium (CTAB)	Aqueous	Room temp.	Spherical, 5–10 nm
Hydrated copper chloride (II) [102]	Cethyl trimethylammonium in isoprophyl alcohol	Ascorbic acid	Acid inert atmosphere	Room temp.	semispherical, 5–12 nm
Copper nitrate (III) [18]	Sodium borohydride	Sodium hydroxide	Aqueous	Room temp.	Asymmetric, 9.25 ± 1.79 nm,
Copper pentasulfide (III) [42]	Cethyl trimethylammonium bromide	Ascorbic acid	Deionized water polyethylene glycol	Room temp.	20 nm
Copper sulfate pentahydrate (III) [103]	Isonicotinic acid hydrazide	Ascorbic acid sodium hydroxide polyvinylpyrrolidone	Distilled water	60–70°C	6.95 nm
Copper chloride dihydrate [48]	Aluminum isopropoxide	Ascorbic acid	Ethanol	Room temp.	—
Copper (II) nitrate [74]	L-ascorbic acid	Chitosan	Distilled water	Microwave	80–100 nm, 550 nm
Copper (II) sulfate [104]	Hydrazine monohydrate	Sodium dodecyl sulfate	Distilled water	Room temperature	50–70 nm, 550 nm
Copper (II) nitrate [78, 99]	Ascorbic acid	Starch	Double-distilled water	Microwave	5–12 nm, 579 nm
Copper (II) acetate [83]	Ethylene glycol	Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene-(80)-sorbitan monooleate)	Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene-(80)-sorbitan monooleate)	190–200°C, 2-3 h	45 ± 8 nm, 580 nm
Copper (II) nitrate [18]	Sodium borohydride	Tetra-n-octylammonium	Deionized water	Room temperature	3–9 nm
Copper (II) chloride [105]	Sodium borohydride ascorbic acid	Polyvinyl alcohol	Deionized water	Room temperature	3.5 nm, 516 nm
Copper (II) chloride [102]	Sodium borohydride	Ascorbic acid	Aqueous solution	Inert atmosphere	5.3 ± 0.1 nm, 562 nm
Copper (II) acetate; Copper (II) nitrate [47]	Ethanol	L-ascorbic acid	Ethanol	Microwave irradiation (140°C)	7–15 nm, 580–590 nm