Gold Nanoparticles Increase PLK1-Specific Small Interfering RNA Transfection and Induce Apoptosis of Drug Resistance Breast Cancer Cells

Tian, Ying; Zhang, Yunlei; Pan, Jing; Lu, Nan; Wang, Shouju; Lu, Guangming

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/720198

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications and Environmental Monitoring

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Volume 2015 | Article ID 720198 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/720198

Gold Nanoparticles Increase PLK1-Specific Small Interfering RNA Transfection and Induce Apoptosis of Drug Resistance Breast Cancer Cells

Ying Tian,¹Yunlei Zhang,¹Jing Pan,¹Nan Lu,¹Shouju Wang,¹and Guangming Lu^1,2

Academic Editor: Anh-Tuan Le

Received22 May 2015

Accepted27 Jul 2015

Published11 Oct 2015

Abstract

Drug resistance is a major barrier that limits the effectiveness of chemotherapies against breast cancer. Here, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) characterized by good dispersivity, high stability, low cytotoxicity, and simple synthesis were developed to deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) against PLK1 (PLK1-siRNA) and overcome the drug resistance of breast cancer cells. Compared with the commonly used Lipofectamine 2000, GNPs showed higher PLK1-siRNA delivery efficiency and resulted in the remarkable gene silencing of PLK1 in drug resistance breast cancer cells MCF-7/MDR1 with low cytotoxicity in vitro. Moreover, delivery of PLK1-siRNA by GNPs could cause 14.23% apoptosis of MCF-7/MDR1 cells, which was apparently higher than 11.01% apoptosis conducted by Lipofectamine 2000. In addition, GNPs showed strong X-ray attenuation coefficient, indicating the potential theranostic application of this system. Therefore, this study disclosed an important step in the use of GNPs as transfection vector of siRNA that will be of great benefit to gene therapy against drug resistant cancer.

1. Introduction

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide which is expected to account for 29% of all new cancers among women in the near future [1, 2]. The currently used clinical methods in cancer treatment mainly include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and biologic therapy [3]. Efficient suppression of growth of tumors and their metastatic lesions is a vital factor for breast cancer therapy [4]. However, despite the remarkable progress in breast cancer treatment in the last decade, the appearance of drug resistance greatly decreases the prognosis and survival rate of cancers and leads to ~90% failure of chemotherapy treatment in patients with metastatic cancers [5, 6]. Therefore, new strategies to overcome the drug resistance of breast cancer and increase antitumor efficacy are urgently needed.

The most prominent gene involved in drug resistance is multidrug-resistant protein 1 (MDR1), encoding the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein. The overexpression of MDR1 makes cancer cells resistant to a wide range of chemotherapeutic drugs [7, 8]. Previous studies showed that the overexpression of oncogene polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) could upregulate the transcriptional expression of activator protein 1, one of the most important transcription factors of DNA binding protein, resulting in elevation of its target MDR1 [9]. PLK1, a serine/threonine protein kinase, plays a key role in cell proliferation. Its overexpression is closely related to poor prognosis in cancer treatment [10, 11]. Knockdown of PLK1 gene by small interfering RNA (siRNA) could downregulate the expression of MDR1 and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. This will greatly benefit the treatment of drug resistant breast cancers [12].

RNA interference (RNAi) as one of the most powerful methods for gene knockdown has shown its great potential application in cancer gene therapy [13, 14]. However, siRNA by itself is difficult to exert silencing function due to its fast degradation in physiological environment and poor cell penetrability. A well-designed vector will greatly increase the therapeutic efficiency of siRNA [15]. Currently, kinds of vectors including liposomes, polymers, and peptides have been developed [16–18]. These vectors can protect siRNA from degradation and improve delivery efficiency. However, the clinical applications of these methods are hindered by their complicated procedure, potential toxicity, and inability for theranostic applications. Therefore, exploring new delivery vectors with the promising advantages will be greatly valuable to gene therapy [19–22].

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are featured with small size, good dispersivity, high stability, low cytotoxicity, and simple synthesis procedure [23, 24]. They have been proved as potential candidates in biomedical application. The surface of GNPs can be easily modified by oligonuclear acids, large biomolecules, or peptides to boost their cell uptake and facilitate drug-delivery [25]. Furthermore, gold has high atomic number and strong X-ray attenuation coefficient, making it favorable for developing X-ray imaging [26–28]. So, GNPs can be used as the agent for X-ray imaging and siRNA delivery. In this study, polyethylenimine (PEI) coated GNPs were used to transport the specific siRNA against PLK1 (PLK1-siRNA) to conquer drug resistance of MCF-7/MDR1 breast cancer cells.

The in vitro experiments showed that the GNPs could effectively transfer PLK1-siRNA into MCF-7/MDR1 cells with little toxicity. The expression of PLK1 was downregulated after siRNA transfection when the weight ratio between GNPs and siRNA is 4, evaluated by western blot analysis. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry assays further demonstrated that GNPs-siRNA transfection led to higher efficiency of apoptosis in MCF-7/MDR1 cells, compared with Lipofectamine 2000. The enhanced X-ray attenuation intensities of GNPs-PEI were also confirmed by X-ray imaging, and this effect promptly increased with the rise of the concentration of gold. This work will be very valuable to further exploit the transfection methods of siRNA, promote gene therapy, and develop biological imaging for drug resistant cancers.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Polyethyleneimine (PEI, branched, Mw 25 000), 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), chloroauric acid (HAuCl₄·3H₂O), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) water and Lipofectamine 2000 transfection kit were purchased from Invitrogen. Sodium citrate and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were got from the Shanghai Chemical Corp. (Shanghai, China). Paraformaldehyde and DAPI were provided by KeyGEN Biotech Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). GelRed was purchased from Biotium Inc. (Heyward, California, USA). Anti-PLK1 antibody and anti-MDR1 antibody were obtained from Abcam Company (Cambridge, UK). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was got from Amresco Company (Solon, Ohio, USA). In situ cell death detection kit was purchased from Roche Inc. (Indianapolis, Indiana, USA). Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and human embryonic kidney (293T) cells were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Opti-MEN I Reduced-Serum Medium (Opti-MEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin, and penicillin/streptomycin were bought from Gibco/Life Technologies (Grand Island, New York, USA). The duplexed PLK1-siRNA with or without a Cy 5 fluorophore on the 5′ end of the sense strand was purchased from Ribobio Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China).

2.2. Synthesis of GNPs-PEI

The GNPs seed solution was prepared by adding 3 mL of 1% sodium citrate solution to 100 mL of boiling 1.0 mM HAuCl₄ solution under vigorous stirring until the transparent solution changed to dark red. The solution cooled to room temperature (RT) before use. Next, 20 μL of 20 mM MUA was added to 10 mL GNPs solution and kept stirring for 1 h at RT. Then the GNPs were purified by centrifugation for two times and dispersed in 10 mL water. The aqueous solution was mixed slowly with 1 mL of 10 mg/mL PEI and stirred at RT for 2 h. After stirring, the GNPs-PEI solution was adjusted to pH 7.0 and centrifuged for two times to purify before use.

2.3. Cell Culture

Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), human embryonic kidney cells (293T), and drug resistant breast cancer cells (MCF-7/MDR1) were all cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a humidified incubator at 37°C under 5% CO₂ atmosphere with 95% relative humidity. The drug resistant cell line MCF-7/MDR1 was established from MCF-7 cells through doxorubicin selection.

2.4. Preparation of PLK1-siRNA

The inhibitory effect of siRNA on the expression of PLK1 gene was tested. The sequence of PLK-siRNA were 5′-UGAAGAAGAUCACCCUCCUUA-3′, 5′-GGCAACCAAAGUCGAAUAU-3′, 5′-GUCUCAAGGCCUCCUAAUA-3′, and 5′-GAUCACCCUCCUUAAAUAU-3′. Firstly, MCF-7/MDR1 cells were cultured (2.5 × 10⁶ cells per well) on a 6-well plate until the confluence reached ~90%. Lipofectamine 2000 (10 μL) was diluted in 250 μL Opti-MEM and incubated for 5 min and then was mixed with 4 μg PLK1-siRNA diluted in 250 μL Opti-MEM for 30 min at room temperature. After 6 h of incubation, the transfection solution was discarded and replaced with fresh DMEM for another 24 h. Cell apoptosis was determined by the in situ cell death detection kit according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Images of cell apoptosis under the effect of PLK1-siRNA were recorded by a fluorescence microscope (Olympus IX71, Japan) equipped with fluorescent filter sets (excitation, 450–500 nm; emission, 515–565 nm).

2.5. PLK1-siRNA Binding to GNPs-PEI

GNPs-PEI was mixed with siRNA (20 mM) and incubated for 15 min at room temperature. To evaluate the siRNA binding ability, various weight ratios between GNPs and siRNA (0 to 4) were mixed and visualized on 1% (w/v) agarose gel containing 0.01% (v/v) GelRed. The electrophoresis was carried out for 15 min at a constant voltage of 100 V in buffer. The siRNA bands were differentiated using a Tanon UV Gel Image System (Shanghai, China).

2.6. Characterization of GNPs, GNPs-PEI, and GNPs-siRNA

The sizes and morphologies of the GNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a JEOL JEM-2100 microscope (Japan) at 200 kV. The absorbance spectra of GNPs, GNPs-PEI, and GNPs-siRNA were recorded through a UV/VIS spectrometer Lambda 35 (PerkinElmer, USA). The surface charge and the diameter of the samples in water were obtained via a ZetaPALS Analyzer (Brookhaven, USA). About 1 mL aqueous solution of GNPs-PEI with different weight (35–280 μg) was prepared for X-ray imaging through an IVIS Lumina XR (Xenogen Corporation-Caliper, Alameda, CA, USA). And the X-ray intensity ratio between the signal area of GNPs-PEI and the background area was calculated by analysis software.

2.7. Cytotoxicity Assay

MTT assay was employed to test the cytotoxicity of GNPs-PEI against breast cancer cells and normal cells. MCF-7/MDR1 breast cancer cells and 293T normal cells were seeded (1 × 10⁴ cells per well) in a 96-well plate, respectively, until the confluence reached ~70%. Then the cells were incubated with different weights of GNPs (0–1.6 μg) for 24 h and 48 h at 37°C. Next, the medium was replaced by 200 μL medium with 20 μL MTT (5 mg/mL) solution. The cells were incubated for additional 4 h and diluted in 150 μL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to dissolve the blue formazan crystals. The absorbance at 570 nm for each well was recorded by an automated microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, Vermont, USA) to calculate the viability of cells.

2.8. Cellular Uptake Test

Breast cancer cells MCF-7/MDR1 were cultured (5 × 10⁴ cells per well) in a 24-well plate with cover slips and incubated at 37°C with 5% CO₂ for 24 h. The cells on the cover slips were incubated with Lipofectamine 2000 bearing Cy 5 fluorescence-labeling siRNA for 4 h and 24 h. As parallel groups, the cells were treated with GNPs-siRNA (weight ratio = 1) for 4 h and 24 h. Finally, MCF-7/MDR1 cells were washed and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and then stained with DAPI for nucleus imaging. After washing again, the cover slips were mounted and observed using an Olympus Fluoview FV10i (Olympus Instruments, Tokyo, Japan).

2.9. Western Blot Analysis

MCF-7 and MCF-7/MDR1 cells were transfected with PLK1-siRNA using Lipofectamine 2000 and GNPs delivery vehicles as above described. After that, the cells were lysed on ice and centrifuged at 4°C for 5 min. About 10 μL of the supernatants was used for protein quantitative analysis through Bradford assay (Bio-Rad, USA). The remaining mixtures were mixed with Laemmli’s buffer and held at 95°C for 10 min for protein denaturation. Next, after separating proteins in the SDS-PAGE gel, they were electroblotted to a hydrophobic polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane, and the membranes were blocked in buffer containing 5% (w/v) nonfat dry milk. After washing, membranes were incubated with primary antibody PLK1 (1 : 1000) and GAPDH (1 : 1000) overnight at 4°C, respectively, followed by washing and incubation with secondary antibody for 1 h at RT. The signals of the membrane were recorded by DAB coloration after washing again. Finally, immunoreactive bands were visualized and quantified using ImageJ software.

2.10. Cell Apoptosis Assay

The PLK-siRNA mediated apoptosis of MCF-7/MDR1 cells was tested by the in situ cell death detection kit of Roche and flow cytometry (FCM) after siRNA transfection using Lipofectamine 2000 or GNPs delivery vehicles. Firstly, MCF-7/MDR1 cells were cultured (2.5 × 10⁶ cells per well) on a 6-well plate until the confluence reached ~90%. The mixtures of Lipofectamine 2000 (10 μL) with PLK1-siRNA (4 μg) and GNPs (4 μg) carrying PLK1-siRNA (4 μg) were added into wells and incubated for 24 h. Cells without any treatment were used as control. Subsequently, the cells were harvested and stained with annexin V/FITC and PI according to the instructions. The apoptotic cells were recorded by a fluorescence microscope and a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA).

2.11. Statistical Analysis

All statistical comparisons were performed using Student’s -test. Data was expressed as mean ± SD. A two-sided value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant in all of the statistical tests.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. PLK1-Specific siRNA Induced Apoptosis of MCF-7/MDR1 Cells

Four different specific siRNAs were chosen to silence PLK1 expression through the widely used Lipofectamine 2000. The possible apoptosis of the treated cells was analyzed by TUNEL assay. As shown in Figure 1, annexin V/FITC labeling MCF-7/MDR1 cells exhibited strong green color after transfection by the Lipofectamine 2000 carrying PLK1-siRNA. This demonstrated that the PLK1-siRNA could effectively induce apoptosis of MCF-7/MDR1 cells. Moreover, cells after treatment by siRNA-4 showed more apoptotic cells than other siRNAs. Therefore, PLK1-specific siRNA-4 was a perfect candidate to evaluate the transfection efficiency of GNPs.

3.2. Morphology and Characteristics of GNPs, GNPs-PEI, and GNPs-siRNA

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been known to be a gene delivery vector because of its high buffering capacity to enhance the endosome escape of nucleic acid. In this study, PEI was functionalized with GNPs to deliver siRNA, which could condense and protect RNA from high cellular internalization. The binding capability of siRNA to GNPs is a key factor to silence PLK1 gene in MCF-7/MDR1 cells. Therefore, different weight ratios between GNPs and siRNA were evaluated by gel retardation assay. As shown in Figure 2(a), the migration of siRNA was gradually retarded as the weigh ratios between GNPs and siRNA increased, compared with free siRNA. The band completely disappeared from the gel when the weight ratio became 1 : 1. This weight ratio was chosen for the following characterization of GNPs. This also indicated the high binding efficiency of siRNA to GNPs. The GNPs would be an ideal carrier for RNA delivery.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 2

(a) Gel retardation assay of GNPs-siRNA. Lanes from left to right indicate different weight ratios (4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.125) between GNPs and siRNA. The 0 weight ratio stands for free siRNA. (b) TEM images of GNPs. Scale bars: 20 nm. (c) UV-VIS spectra of GNPs, GNPs-PEI, and GNPs-siRNA from 450 to 700 nm. (d) Zeta potential of GNPs, GNPs-PEI, and GNPs-siRNA. (e) Diameters of GNPs, GNPs-PEI, and GNPs-siRNA. (f) X-ray images and intensity ratios of GNPs-PEI with different weights (1: 35 μg, 2: 70 μg, 3: 140 μg, and 4: 280 μg).

The morphologies and sizes of GNPs were observed by TEM. Figure 2(b) showed that GNPs exhibited excellent dispersivity and spherical structure with an average diameter of ~20 nm. As shown in Figure 2(c), GNPs, GNPs-PEI, and GNPs-siRNA displayed broad plasmon spectra peaked at ~520 nm due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of gold, which indicated that siRNA was successfully loaded onto the surface of gold under the assistance of PEI but slightly influenced the absorbance value of particles. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles exhibited positive charge at 36.70 ± 3.00 mV and 38.12 ± 2.23 mV, due to the PEI modification, but showed negative charge at −34.33 ± 1.03 mV before modification (Figure 2(d)). The dynamic light scattering (DLS) assay demonstrated that the hydrodynamic sizes of GNPs-PEI and GNPs-siRNA were 52.7 ± 0.7 nm and 54.3 ± 0.7 nm, respectively, which were higher than unmodified GNPs (29.7 ± 0.7) (Figure 2(e)).

Gold has large atomic number and strong X-ray attenuation coefficient, making it favorable for X-ray imaging. Figure 2(f) showed that the X-ray attenuation intensities of GNPs-PEI increased as the rise of gold concentrations. At higher concentration (280 μg), the X-ray intensity ratio of GNPs-PEI could exceed 4. The results revealed that GNPs-PEI could strengthen the X-ray attenuation intensities in a concentration-dependent way, indicating the potential theranostic application of this siRNA delivery system.

3.3. Cytotoxicity of GNPs against MCF-7/MDR1 Cancer Cells and 293T Normal Cells

The toxicity of nanoparticles is a vital factor for their clinical translation application. Here, the biocompatibility of GNPs-PEI was determined by treating MCF-7/MDR1 breast cancer cells and 293T normal cells with different weights of GNPs-PEI. The MTT results showed that the weight of gold (from 0.1 μg to 1.6 μg) did not affect the proliferation of the cells. The viability of cancer cells and normal cells totally surpassed 90% after 24 h and 48 h incubation with GNPs-PEI (Figure 3). This indicated that the PEI-modified gold nanoparticles were not toxic to both cancer and normal cells and exhibited well biocompatibility.

3.4. Cellular Uptake Study

Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to evaluate the transfection of siRNA into cells conducted by Lipofectamine 2000/GNPs after incubation for 4 h and 24 h. It was observed that the GNPs-siRNA labeled with Cy 5 (red) entered MCF-7/MDR1 cells and was distributed in cytoplasm around the nucleus after 4 h treatment, but not Lipofectamine 2000-siRNA (Figure 4). At 24 h, the GNPs-siRNA treated group showed higher red fluorescence intensities, and the intensity of GNPs-siRNA treated group was conspicuously stronger than Lipofectamine 2000-siRNA group. The result clearly demonstrated that the transfection of siRNA conducted by GNPs was in a time-dependent manner and showed higher efficiency than the commonly used Lipofectamine 2000. This indicated that GNPs-based RNA delivery system had potential to be used in gene therapy.

3.5. GNPs-siRNA Transfection Restrained the Expression of PLK1 Gene

To further investigate the knockdown efficiency of GNPs-siRNA, the expression of the siRNA targeting gene-PLK1 was analyzed by western blot. The high expression of PLK1 protein generally concerns the proliferation of malignant cells. The results showed that MCF-7/MDR1 drug resistant breast cancer cells had more PLK1 protein than MCF-7 cancer cells (Figure 5). Compared with the control, there was almost no change of PLK1 band in GNPs-treated group. However, the protein level of PLK1 obviously decreased in the cells after treatment by Lip-siRNA and GNPs-siRNA at different weights, especially the weight of 4 between GNPs and siRNA. The amount of PLK1 protein in MCF-7/MDR1 cells reduced almost 49% and 81% after treatment with Lipofectamine and GNPs, respectively (Figure 5). This indicated that GNPs-mediated transfection of siRNA resulted in significant inhibition of PLK1 gene expression in MCF-7/MDR1 cells, and it was more efficient than Lipofectamine 2000. The results indicated that GNPs-siRNA was suitable for the delivery of siRNA and could efficiently downregulate its targeting genes.

3.6. GNPs-siRNA Transfection Induced Apoptosis of MCF-7/MDR1 Cells

PLK1 is closely related to cell division and apoptosis. The downregulation of PLK1 could induce apoptosis of drug resistance cells. Therefore, TUNEL assay and flow cytometry were employed to evaluate the apoptosis of MCF-7/MDR1 cells after treatment by GNPs-siRNA. In TUNEL assay, both GNPs-siRNA and Lip-siRNA resulted in apoptosis of MCF-7/MDR1 cells, compared with the control group (Figure 6(a)). However, GNPs-siRNA treated group showed more apoptotic cells than Lip-siRNA by comparing the green fluorescence images (apoptotic cells) with the images (total cells) taken under the bright field. The flow cytometry test further confirmed that GNPs-siRNA and Lip-siRNA could induce apoptosis of MCF-7/MDR1 cells, and the apoptosis rates got to 14.23% and 11.01% after 24 h incubation, respectively, while there was only 1.71% apoptosis of cells in the control group (Figure 6(b)). Apoptosis rate was closely related to the amounts of PLK1-siRNA in the cells. This meant that GNPs could deliver more PLK1-specific siRNA into the cells than Lipofectamine 2000. The assay provided convincing evidence that GNPs-siRNA was a favorable vector for siRNA delivery and would greatly benefit the gene therapy for cancer.

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4. Conclusions

In this study, PEI-capped GNPs efficiently delivered PLK1-specific siRNA into the drug resistance MCF-7/MDR1 breast cancer cells and showed higher transfection efficiency than the commercial kit Lipofectamine 2000. The transfection of PLK1-specific siRNA into cells not only silenced its targeting genes but also induced apoptosis of the drug resistant breast cancer cells. It was worth noting that exclusive GNPs were not toxic to normal/cancer cells. Importantly, the GNPs could be visualized by X-ray imaging in a concentration-dependent manner because of the excellent properties of gold. Overall, this work disclosed the great potential of GNPs as the excellent delivery system in gene therapy for drug resistance cancers and the further application of X-ray imaging.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This project was financially supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2014CB744504), the Major International (Regional) Joint Research Program of China (81120108013), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81201175, 81371611, 81471632, 81401469, and U1332117), and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20130863).

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Copyright © 2015 Ying Tian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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