SnO₂-Based Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Application in Lithium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors

Table 1

Summary of various methods for SnO₂-based nanostructure synthesis.

Structure type	Method	Matrix	Growth reagent	Growth condition	Reference
SnO2 nanosheets	Hydrothermal method	In solution	SnCl2·2H2O, C6H5Na3O·2H2O; ethanol, water	Autoclave 180°C, 8 h	[2]
3D SnO2 nanoflowers	Hydrothermal method	Ti foil	SnCl4·5H2O, NaOH, water	Autoclave 200°C; (2, 4, 8, 16 h)	[9]
Zn-doped SnO2 nanorods	Hydrothermal method	In solution	SnCl4·5H2O, ZnCl2, NaOH, ethanol, water	Autoclave 200°C, 24 h	[14]
Single-crystalline SnO2 nanorods	Hydrothermal method	In solution	SnCl4·5H2O, alcohol, water	Autoclave 150°C, 24 h	[16]
SnO2 hollow microspheres	Hydrothermal method	In solution	SnCl4·5H2O, carbamide, water	Autoclave 160°C, 16 h	[29]
Porous SnO2 nanotubes	Template method	In solution	MnSO4·H2O,; SnCl2·2H2O, HCL	Autoclave 160°C, 12 h	[11]
SnO2 hollow microspheres	Template method	In solution	SnCl2, H2O2, NaOH, N4	Autoclave 200°C, 30 h	[36]
Pd-Loaded SnO2 Yolk-Shell nanostructures	Spray pyrolysis	Spray solution	C2O4Sn, Pd·H2O, C12H22O11, HNO3	Air flow rate 10 Lmin^−1, 1000°C	[38]
SnO2 nanoparticles	Spray pyrolysis	Spray solution	SnCl4·5H2O	Air flow rate 17 kg/m^2, 673 K and 1073 K	[39]
SnO2 powders	Spray pyrolysis	Spray solution	SnCl4·5H2O, citric acid, ethylene glycols	Gas flow rate 40 L/min, 900°C	[40]
Tin Oxide nanowires, nanoribbons, and nanotubes	High temperature thermal oxide method	Gas	Sn foil + SnO-; layered; N2 flow gas	Lindberg blue tube; furnace configuration 1050–1150°C	[18]