Enhanced Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Trace Amount Ca-Doping in TiO₂ Photoelectrodes

Table 2

The mean electron life time (), the mean electron transit time (), and the charge collection efficiency () of DSSCs based on undoped and Ca-doped TiO₂ photoanodes.

DSSCs	Doping/ppm	/	/ms	/ms
Undoped	0	7.36	0.0350	0.0088	0.75
Ca-1	20	7.32	0.0290	0.0077	0.73
Ca-2	50	5.24	0.0294	0.0059	0.80
Ca-3	70	7.27	0.0290	0.0076	0.72
Ca-4	100	8.09	0.0290	0.0080	0.73