Abstract
We present a low-power, cost-effective, highly reproducible, and disposable bandstop filter by employing high-throughput screen-printing technology. We apply large-scale printing strategies using silver-nanoparticle-based ink for the metallization of conductive wires to fabricate a bandstop filter on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The filter exhibits an attenuation pole at 4.35 GHz with excellent in-and-out band characteristics. These characteristics reflect a rejection depth that is better than −25 dB with a return loss of −0.75 dB at the normal orientation of the PET substrate. In addition, the filter characteristics are observed at various bending angles (0°, 10°, and 20°) of the PET substrate with an excellent relative standard deviation of less than 0.5%. These results confirm the accuracy, reproducibility, and independence of the resonance frequency. This screen-printing technology for well-defined nanostructures is more favorable than other complex photolithographic processes because it overcomes signal losses due to uneven surface distributions and thereby reveals a homogeneous distribution. Moreover, the proposed methodology enables incremental steps in the process of producing highly flexible and cost-effective printed-electronic radio devices.
1. Introduction
Flexible cost-effective devices, such as radiofrequency identification (RFID), antennas, and filters, are needed for enabling realization of high-performance devices for operation in frequency bands of the monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) and radiofrequency integrated circuit (RFIC). Recently, more sophisticated processes have been used for printing various types of electronic devices and systems. These printing processes are critical for replacing the more complicated, time-consuming, and expensive photolithographic process. One of the most powerful device fabrication methods, photolithography, is widely used for miniaturized microwave devices composed of metallic lines of only a few microns wide. However, photolithography is a rather complicated process, even for creating a few samples with simple structural designs [1, 2].
The screen-printing technique produces electronics devices on paper as well as on plastic foil with different thicknesses and dielectric constants, which can be tailored to design requirements [3]. High-performance, low-cost, and flexible narrowband bandstop (NBBS) filters with a minimum size and weight, high-frequency selectivity, and excellent pass-band insertion and return losses are important for C-band applications in modern communication systems. These parameters are the key factors for the development of demanding, miniature, and multifunctional communication systems for wireless sensor networks and smart electronic devices. The deposition of suitable metal ink on the prescribed flexible substrate for the fabrication of highly desirable electronic devices is a major challenge [4, 5]. This metallization itself presents the challenge of the formulation of suitable silver (Ag) nanoparticle ink. The metal precursor ink must provide a sufficiently high resolution and good adhesion to the surface with good morphological structure within the Ag nanoparticles. Accordingly, signal loss due to the skin effect can be easily studied and minimized [6, 7].
However, no technology exists that is sufficiently advanced for building a flexible, high-throughput, cost-effective, and highly reproducible bandstop filter (BSF). The design of flexible single-band BSF on a PET substrate with high stopband attenuation and low return loss has not yet been reported. The imprecise formulation of the Ag-nanoparticle-based ink has resulted in design complexity for uniform width and thickness of the transmission-line. Furthermore, it has degraded the results in the return loss and rejection depth [8]. Various processes and strategies have been previously proposed for bandstop filter design. These studies have focused on fabrication using flame retardant 4 (FR4), low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC), coplanar waveguide, and metamaterials, with complex and expensive photolithography being the most common method of fabrication [9–14]. Screen-printing is a promising approach for large-scale fabrication with minimal radial loss by the skin effect at high frequency with even surface characterization electroplated by Ag nanoparticles. This approach has surpassed the aforementioned complex photolithography process.
To address the above limitations, we propose a simple and cost-effective method to manufacture a highly reproducible BSF on a PET substrate by employing high-throughput screen-printing technology with an attenuation pole at 4.35 GHz. Excellent performance of transmission parameters in the stop band with a good morphological characterization of the Ag nanoparticles justifies the operational characteristics of BSF. Through experiments, we demonstrate the relative standard deviation (RSD) for five consecutive experiments in each bending angle of the substrate. The result of an RSD value of less than 0.5% confirms the accuracy, reproducibility, and independence of the resonance frequency despite the flexibility of the substrate.
2. Device Fabrication
2.1. Schematic Representation
The schematic structure of the proposed BSF was realized on a PET substrate. The Ag nanoparticles applied for the metallization of the conductive lines served as a signal carrier at high frequency. The concept of folded signal lines toward the input was implemented with capacitance in between the C-shaped stubs. The connection of folded meander-line with multiple bends can generate a specific resonance frequency. However, the rejection depth degrades and the topology will be too complex to bend the signal line. Furthermore, the complexity of the junction discontinuity effects will increase, such that an accurate value of the return loss cannot be obtained [15, 16]. The proposed structure was therefore designed on a PET substrate with a thickness of 180 μm, a dielectric constant of 3.0, and a loss tangent of 2.5. Screen-printing technology was introduced along with Ag nanoparticles for the metallization of the BSF. To minimize the effective area of the filter, the length of the high-impedance section of the resonator was modified by bending it along the width. The filter can be used to suppress the resonance frequency () by −25.88 dB in the stopbands and simultaneously achieve a narrowband bandwidth with a −10 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 6.44%. The layout of the proposed filter with detailed dimensions is mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, and mm, as shown in Figure 1.
2.2. Conductive Ag Metal Ink and Plastic Substrate
The use of Ag for metallization on the polymer PET substrate has gained considerable research interest. The deposition of Ag nanoparticles during metallization has been deemed favorable over other metals on account of its unique properties, such as chemical inertness, excellent electrical conductivity, and ease of ink formulation. A PET film (width of 200 mm and thickness of 180 μm, purchased from SKC, Korea) was used along with Ag-nanoparticle-based conducting ink (PG-007 BB type, Paru Co., Korea). The silver ink was further formulated to meet the viscosity of 500 cp and surface tension of 47 mN/m using ethylene glycol (Sigma-Aldrich) and dipropylene glycol methyl ether (Sigma-Aldrich), respectively.
2.3. Fabrication Process and Experimental Setup
For fabrication of the screen-printed bandstop filter, we used a single-step printing process through a screen printer (Sun Mechanix Co., Korea). With its ease of use for designing flexible devices, screen-printing is a remarkable technique, especially for printing on flexible substrate; moreover, the process is relatively simple, cost-effective, and versatile [17, 18]. The screen plate above the substrate was used to make the pattern. The screen plate was made with a stretchy fine lattice structure of 200 mesh. Ag ink was placed on top of the screen with a squeegee bar to fill it with ink, as shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). The movement of the squeegee with pressure enabled the Ag ink to pass through the pattern to create the Ag pattern designed on the PET substrate. The Ag ink was printed on PET film with a printing speed of 5 mm/s and a pressure of 5 . The resulting Ag printed films were dried at 150°C for 10 min. To provide the ground for the signal line of the bandstop filter, the Ag ink was reprinted on the backside of the PET substrate with a printing speed of 5 mm/s and a pressure of 5 . It was additionally treated at 150°C for 10 min, as represented in supplementary Figure S1 in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/978562. For the final testing of the BSF, it was encapsulated in printed circuit board (PCB) with a 50 Ω port connected to the input and output sides of the transmission-line. The necessary transmission parameters were then obtained by connecting the input and output ports to an Agilent 8510C vector network analyser (VNA), as shown in Figure 2(c).
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3. Filter Design and Concept
The design of the filter was implemented by the concept of the folded meander-line structure to generate the BSF with an attenuation pole at 4.35 GHz with good selectivity, as demonstrated in Figure 3(a). The C-stub along the meander-line was folded to generate the stopband characteristics. Each bend of the meander-line represents a series inductor connected to a parallel capacitor for generation of the stopband characteristics of the proposed filter. The tank circuits , and , represent the equivalent inductance and capacitance for the bends and , respectively, as represented in Figure 3(b). Figure 3(c) depicts a magnified view of the gap between the C-shaped stubs with gap capacitance (, ). The equivalent circuit representation of the transmission-line on the input and output sides was modeled by the inductor () and capacitor (), as represented in Figure 3(d). and represent the impedances of the transmission-line and are assumed to be 50 Ω. The distance between the C-stubs could be varied to generate variation in gap capacitance and ultimately the resonance frequency of the filter during the design analysis. The rejection depth is reflected by , while generate the return loss for the BSF, as mentioned in Figure 3(d) [19, 20].
4. Result and Discussion
4.1. Structural and Compositional Analysis
The samples on PET substrates were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface characterization of the filter with respect to XRD and AFM was presented. A typical XRD pattern of the PET film is illustrated in Figure 4, where different peaks are assigned to represent the different structures and compositions of the PET film and Ag nanoparticles. For the tested PET film, a peak is observed at 2θ = 25.87° and at 38.13°, corresponding to Ag (111), which reveals the preferentially oriented growth of the Ag nanoparticles. The data obtained from the XRD measurement indicate the high-quality Ag metallization on the PET substrate as a promising candidate for the application to flexible radio devices.
In addition, three peaks are observed for the 2θ° angle, which correspond with planes (111), (200), and (220), with the highest diffraction intensity being for plane (111). Additionally, diffraction with lower intensity peaks is observed at a 2θ° angle of 44.34° (200) and 64.49° (220) for the Ag nanoparticles on the PET substrate. The XRD measurement further verifies that the peak intensity obtained for the Ag nanoparticles contains no lattice strain. Moreover, the particle size of Ag deposited on the PET film calculated by Scherrer’s equation is 79.2 nm. The tolerable discrepancy in the particle size of 50~130 nm generated from the SEM image is comparable to that obtained from the XRD measurement. During the deposition process, the original particles crashed into smaller grains, as confirmed by the XRD measurement, to form the flatter or homogeneous surface profile. It is observed that the metallization of the Ag nanoparticles on the PET substrate depends on the process and orientation of the metallization, as demonstrated by the XRD representation.
4.2. Device Characterization
The easiest and most effective way to investigate the impact of screen-printed Ag nanoparticles on PET film is by using atomic force microscopic (AFM) analysis. AFM images of the screen-printed Ag nanoparticles are shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b). From analysis of the AFM measurement, we can conclude that the Ag nanoparticles are not completely homogenous over the surface of the substrate; rather, there exist some evenly distributed peaks and valleys. In other words, the surface of the screen-printed Ag nanoparticles appears comparatively flatter, representing an evenly distributed topographical structure [21]. The root mean square (RMS) value of 20.93 nm from its surface area of 108.82 μm2 is sufficient for the simple and cost-effective screen-printing technique. In addition, the histogram and line graph also represent this surface topology with evenly distributed peaks and valleys. The maximum and minimum peaks and valleys created with screen-printing were approximately 50 nm peak-to-peak, as represented by Figures 5(c) and 5(d). We confirmed the Ag nanoparticle sizes using both SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, which show a similar result. The size distribution of these particles was 50~130 nm with a thickness of 12.20 μm. Detailed information on the Ag nanoparticles is provided in Figures 6(a) and 6(b). The size of these nanoparticles does not significantly influenced the resistance unless they were less than 5 nm. From printing with the proposed Ag ink, there was no considerable difference in the resistance.
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Good adhesion was obtained between the substrate and Ag nanoparticles, which verifies that the fabricated device is flexible and mechanically robust. Figure 6(a) clearly illustrates the cross-sectional view of the Ag metal layer with a thickness of 12.20 μm with excellent adhesion with the PET substrate. Here, Figure 6(b) demonstrates that there is no aggregation among the particles with homogeneous surface profiles. The morphological characterization of the pattern suggests the RMS value of approximately 20.93 nm. Additionally, the AFM analysis suggests that the peaks and valleys formed by the nanoparticles are homogeneous. This homogeneous distribution of particle size minimizes the roughness of the surface along with the radial loss of the signal at high frequency. This result is on account of the skin effect, as shown in supplementary Figure S2. The minimization of radial losses by maintaining the homogeneous surface profile helps to improve the return loss and attenuation depth of the signal [22, 23].
4.3. Radio Frequency Analysis
A flexible NBBS filter was designed and fabricated on the PET substrate with Ag nanoparticles as the conductive material for the transmission-line oriented at the normal condition (0°) to the surface, with the maximum signal attenuation level of −25.88 dB and an attenuation pole at 4.35 GHz, as shown in Figures 7(a) and 7(b). The device response for the various bending angles showed a small amount of deterioration of the performance parameters; however, this was considered within tolerable limits. The obtained results verify that the proposed device demonstrates consistent measurement results despite exposure to a different strain, as illustrated in supplementary Figure S3. For the device orientation of 10° and 20° to the horizontal surface, where 10° and 20° are the absolute values of the downward bending angle, it produced an attenuation level of −24.79 dB and −24.10 dB at a resonance frequency of 4.31 GHz and 4.34 GHz, respectively, as shown in Figures 7(b) and 7(c). The experimental data obtained from the first measurement of the multiple iterations has been considered for necessary illustration and analysis.
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From the results of this experiment, we conclude that the device characteristics remain consistent despite its flexibility in various bending angles. The reproducibility of BSF was characterized by measuring the resonance frequency at various bending angles of the substrate. We carried out five different sets of experiments for each of the bending angles to observe the resonance frequency for each iteration of the experiment. Fifteen different experiments were performed in total. No device performance deterioration was observed over these numerous iterations of the measurement process. As a result, the relative standard deviation of less than 0.5% was observed for each bending angle of the substrate, as illustrated in Table 1. These findings validate the reproducibility capability of the proposed flexible BSF.
In addition, a full-wave electromagnetic simulation of the filter by Sonnet is illustrated. It closely resembles the measurement result obtained from the VNA. A compact geometry was chosen for the compact size of an approximate range between 4 mm and 3.49 mm. The maximum attenuation level of −25.88 dB at the stopband exhibits a lower cut-off frequency of 4.18 GHz and an upper cut-off frequency of 4.46 GHz results, which results in an FBW (−10 dB) of 6.44%. The stopband bandwidth and resonance frequency of the fabricated filter are closely matched with the simulated bandwidth and resonance frequency, as represented in Figure 7(d). The proposed method highlights a narrow stopband with sharp skirt selectivity, a higher rejection depth of −25.88 dB, and a lower return loss of −0.75 dB. The NBBS filter produced an excellent radio frequency (RF) phenomenon in the flexible PET substrate. It is therefore proved to be a suitable candidate for evolving technologies in the development of flexible radio devices and systems.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, we demonstrated the feasibility of realizing a bandstop filter at 4.35 GHz through the injection of ink made from Ag nanoparticles on a commercially available PET substrate. This cost-effective screen-printing technology on a PET substrate is highly suitable for the realization of BSF filters with excellent in-and-out band performance at normal and bending conditions. The reproducibility of the device performance for various bending angles (0°, 10°, and 20°) of the substrate was explored. The results showed an excellent RSD of less than 0.5%, which confirms its flexibility as the BSF. Thus, the proposed printing method would facilitate the implementation of a simple, flexible, and reproducible bandstop filter with a homogeneous surface profile as a suitable candidate for C-band applications.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (no. 2011-0030079) and a grant supported by the Korean Government (MEST) (no. 2012R1A1A2004366). This work was also supported by a Research Grant from Kwangwoon University in 2015. Additionally, the authors appreciate the financial support provided by the Ministry of Education in Korea through the Basic Science Research Program at Sunchon National University and by the Global Leading Technology Program of the Office of Strategic R&D Planning (OSP) through the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea (10042537, Printed Electronics Total Solution Development).
Supplementary Materials
The sheet resistance for the curing time with different heat treatment produced the minimum sheet resistance at a treatment temperature of 150°C. The sheet resistance sharply decreases for all treatment temperatures up to the curing time of around 1 min. For the curing time above 1 min, the sheet resistance is somehow constant. The treatment temperature of 150°C produces constant sheet resistance as compared to other heat treatment temperature.