Comparative Aquatic Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles and Ionic Gold Using a Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach

Table 1

Physicochemical water quality means for selected species in toxicity exposure bioassays with nAu, chloroauric acid, and citrate buffer.

Species	pH (min–max)	D.O. (mg/L) (min–max)	O2 (%) (min–max)	EC (µS/cm) (min–max)	Temp. (°C) (min–max)	TDS (mg/L)
Citrate buffer
D. pulex	7.85	5.43	64.6	339	20.5	171
	(6.57–8.36)	(4.44–6.08)	(61.7–67.4)	(309–374)	(20–21.2)	(156–189)
D. magna	7.70	7.26	77.0	310	19.3	155
	(7.6–8.37)	(6.63–8.72)	(62.6–91.4)	(297–362)	(20–21.9)	(148–181)
D. rerio	8.26	4.77	69.6	708	23.3	350
	(7.10–8.65)	(4.0–6.15)	(60.0–87.2)	(621–809)	(22.7–23.9)	(309–398)
O. mossambicus	7.98	5.04	66.9	708	21.4	365
	(7.39–8.34)	(4.26–5.9)	(60.2–78.08)	(530–841)	(20.6–22.1)	(321–407)
P. reticulata	7.74	4.85	67.7	748	22.2	373
	(6.57–8.22)	(3.5–5.77)	(60–77.1)	(696–810)	(21.6–23.03)	(316–405)
P. philander	6.93	5.62	71.7	732	23.1	366
	(6.01–7.75)	(4.3–6.47)	(60–89.5)	(665–874)	(22.9–23.2)	(333–402)
T. sparrmanii	6.57	4.85	67.9	674	22.1	372
	(5.81–7.39)	(4.00–5.77)	(60–77.1)	(612–704)	(21.3–22.6)	(313–595)
L. aeneus	7.06	5.93	67.0	680	22.5	346
	(5.99–7.93)	(4.89–7.07)	(60.3–80.5)	(638–729)	(21.5–23)	(324–369)
nAu
D. pulex	7.66	5.05	63.1	328	20.7	167
	(7.05–8.7)	(4.4–6.1)	(60.7–72.6)	(208–420)	(20–21.9)	(104–220)
D. magna	7.78	7.23	78.4	309	20.2	155
	(7.74–8.39)	(6.39–9.28)	(71.7–97.8)	(293–374)	(20.5–22.2)	(146–206)
D. rerio	7.88	4.49	68.1	674	22.6	336
	(7.13–8.42)	(4.04–6.26)	(60.1–98.7)	(642–765)	(22.4–23.9)	(321–412)
O. mossambicus	7.43	4.68	63.9	681	20.8	340
	(7.13–7.97)	(4.11–6.24)	(60.0–82.9)	(621–827)	(20.1–21.1)	(310–414)
P. reticulata	7.57	5.97	67.3	743	22.2	370
	(6.31–8.19)	(4.84–8.26)	(60.0–79.6)	(658–824)	(21.3–22.6)	(329–412)
P. philander	7.24	5.89	73.9	699	23.0	350
	(6.23–7.79)	(5.14–6.76)	(60.8–92.20)	(580–762)	(22.9–23.2)	(328–379)
T. sparrmanii	7.51	5.69	66.6	703	22.2	335
	(6.85–8.01)	(4.37–8.26)	(60–79.6)	(617–754)	(21–22.7)	(308–378)
L. aeneus	7.55	5.55	55.9	556	22.9	275
	(6.29–7.90)	(4.08–7.08)	(60.0–80.7)	(628–762)	(21.6–23.1)	(314–381)
Chloroauric acid
D. pulex	7.90	5.35	66.3	344	20.6	176
	(6.93–8.95)	(4.35–6.13)	(62.7–71.5)	(198–382)	(20–22)	(104–267)
D. magna	8.22	7.57	83.3	332	21.6	168
	(7.59–8.43)	(6.4–9.78)	(62.5–99.7)	(296–381)	(20.4–22.4)	(148–259)
D. rerio	7.92	4.98	72.0	677	23.0	350
	(6.24–8.67)	(4.2–6.044)	(62.8–85.3)	(621–739)	(21.8–23.7)	(311–485)
O. mossambicus	7.56	5.86	72.3	700	21.3	350
	(6.45–7.98)	(4.23–7.85)	(60.2–84.8)	(620–806)	(20.6–21.6)	(310–403)
P. reticulata	7.33	5.63	73.6	711	21.7	355
	(6.26–8.27)	(4.8–7.67)	(60.9–81)	(616–838)	(20.9–22.4)	(308–419)
P. philander	7.62	6.82	77.0	702	23.1	352
	(7.36–8.04)	(4.49–8.26)	(62.1–99)	(603–736)	(22.3–23.5)	(301–400)
T. sparrmanii	7.24	5.61	73.4	633	21.6	388
	(6.26–8.14)	(4.6–7.67)	(62.3–81)	(545–792)	(21.0–22.1)	(308–436)
L. aeneus	7.77	5.90	76.7	700	23.1	350
	(7.36–8.04)	(4.46–8.24)	(61.8–99.4)	(603–794)	(22.3–23.6)	(301–398)