Solid-State Nanopore-Based DNA Sequencing Technology

Figure 5

Technologies to modulate DNA molecule translocation behavior. (a) Left: α-HL with a 3 kbp guiding-dsDNA attached via oligomer, the red arrow shows the position of the connect point. Right: the “preinsertion” stage (I) and “final-insertion” stage (II) of an α-HL protein pore inserted into a solid-state nanopore [101]. Copyright © 2010, Nature Publishing Group. (b) Top left: schematic representation of a DNA origami structure with a 14 nm × 15 nm nanopore. Top right: a λ-DNA translocates through a 5 nm hybrid nanopore in “physical” mode. Bottom: a DNA molecule translocates through a hybrid nanopore in “chemical” mode [104]. Copyright © 2013, American Chemical Society. (c) The cross-section of a lipid bilayer coated Si₃N₄ nanopore with specific lipid-anchored biotin-PEs (blue circle), which can anchor and translate the complex (large red bunch) through the nanopore [107]. Copyright © 2011, Nature Publishing Group. (d) Top: the DNA structure protected by the blocking oligomer (red line). Bottom: schematic of forward and reverse processes of DNA through a biological nanopore; (i) an open nanopore; (ii) the capture stage of the phi29 DNAP-DNA complex with blocking oligomer; (iii) the unzipping stage of the blocking oligomer (forward); (iv) releasing the blocking oligomer and exposing polymerase active site; (v) replication stage by phi29 DNAP (reverse); (vi) stalling of replication [113]. Copyright © 2012, Nature Publishing Group. (e) Left: a DNA-tethered bead is trapped near the solid-state nanopore by a tightly focused laser beam. Right: the electrical force drives the DNA strand through the nanopore and the strand is straightened and controlled by the composite of optical force () and [115]. Copyright © 2006, Nature Publishing Group. (f) Schematic of magnetic tweezers to control the translocation of a DNA-attached colloid by magnetic force [118].

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