Characterization of Inter- and Intramolecular Interactions of Amyloid Fibrils by AFM-Based Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Table 1

Dimension of different shapes for various amyloid fibrils based on molecular interaction.

Catalog	Sample	Shape	Height	Width	Length	Diameter	Periodicity	Reference
PrP	rPrP	Mature fibrils	108 ± 30 nm	N/A	1.0 ± 0.6 μm	N/A	N/A	[30]
	PrP	Globular	1.5–10 nm	N/A	N/A	31 ± 11 nm	N/A	[16]
		Disc-like	1–10 nm	N/A	N/A	20–60 nm	N/A
		Fibrillar	N/A	2-3 nm	5 to 10 nm	N/A	N/A
		Mature fibrils	N/A	N/A	3–10 nm	5–8 nm	30–130 nm
	Human PrP	Disk-like	1.8 nm	N/A	N/A	15 ± 3 nm	N/A	[31]
IAPP		Mature fibrils	5–15 nm	N/A	1-2 µm	5–15 nm	N/A	[32]
		Protofibrils	N/A	N/A	1-2 µm	0.5–1.5 nm	N/A
		Fibrillar	N/A	N/A	0.2–2 µm	5–15 nm	N/A
	hIAPP	Mature fibrils	N/A	N/A	100 nm-several μm	5–7 nm	N/A	[33]
	IAPP	Mature fibrils	0.1–0.8 nm	N/A	0.1–1 μm	7–13 nm	4–40 nm	[31]
α-Synuclein	α-Synuclein	Protofibrils	2.5–4.2 nm	N/A	N/A	32–180 nm	N/A	[34]
	α-Synuclein	Oligomers	1.4–7.5 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	[35]
		Fibrils	4.5–6.0 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	α-Synuclein	Protofibrils	~1.2 nm	~8 nm	N/A	3-4 nm	N/A
	α-Synuclein WT	Mature fibrils	7.5 ± 0.9 nm	N/A	N/A	141 ± 82 nm	N/A	[36]
	α-Synuclein A30P	Mature fibrils	8.7 ± 1.4	N/A	N/A	139 ± 46 nm	N/A
	α-Synuclein E46K	Mature fibrils	9.8 ± 1.2	N/A	N/A	59 ± 28 nm	N/A
	α-Synuclein A53T	Mature fibrils	10.4 ± 1.3	N/A	N/A	151 ± 41 nm	N/A
Insulin	Insulin	Mature fibrils	N/A	N/A	30–140 nm	4–6 nm	N/A	[37]
	Insulin	Particles	1.1 ± 0.2 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	[38]
		Oligomers	N/A	N/A	N/A	3.2–3.9 nm	N/A
		Protofibrils	~2.0 ± 0.5 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
		Mature fibrils	N/A	N/A	155 ± 5 nm	5–25 nm	N/A
	Human insulin	Mature fibrils	N/A	N/A	several microns	10–20 nm	N/A	[39]
TTR		Rod-like	N/A	N/A	~1 μm	7–12 nm	N/A	[40]
		Rod-like	9 ± 3 nm	N/A	1 μm	a few nm	N/A	[41]
Aβ		Filaments	1.0 ± 0.2 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	[42]
		Oligomers	4-5 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	[43]
		Globular	N/A	N/A	N/A	~2 nm	N/A	[44]
		Low MW oligomers	1–3 nm	N/A	N/A	5–10 nm	N/A	[45]
		Low MW protofibrils	~2 nm	~7-8 nm	40 nm	N/A	N/A
		High MW oligomers	3–6 nm	N/A	N/A	15–25 nm	N/A
		High MW protofibrils	~1.8 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Aβ42	Rod-like	N/A	5–11 nm	N/A	N/A	93.5 ± 21.0 nm	[46]
		Protofibril	~1.5 nm	~5.5 nm	~100 nm	1.1 nm	N/A
		Protofibrils	N/A	N/A	N/A	~4 nm	92.5 ± 20.3
		Fibrils	N/A	11.4 ± 0.8 nm	N/A	N/A	107.3 ± 29.0 nm
		Globular	~5 nm	N/A	N/A	4.4 ± 0.4 nm	N/A
	Aβ42	Beaded chains	N/A	N/A	18–21 nm	N/A	18–21 nm	[47]
		Mature fibrils	4–6 nm	25–35 nm	30–145 nm	N/A	N/A
		Mature fibrils	N/A	8–14 nm	>1 μm	N/A	N/A
		Sheet-structure	0.8–1 nm	12–14 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A
		Fibrils	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	12–18 nm
	A β42	Fibrils	0.7–1.6 nm	4.8–9 nm	15–55 nm	4–8 nm	N/A	[48]
		Protofibrils	N/A	8–10 nm	12–18 nm	N/A	N/A
		Mature fibrils	3–7 nm	25–40 nm	>1 μm	N/A	N/A
β-lactoglobulin	β-lactoglobulin	Worm-like	2.7 ± 0.5 nm	~7 nm	100–500 nm	N/A	N/A	[49]
		Protofibrils	1.2 ± 0.4 nm	~7 nm	>1 μm	8 ± 2 nm	53 ± 8 nm
		particles	3.8 ± 0.6 nm	N/A	~200 nm	8 ± 2 nm	N/A
		Oligomers	2–8 nm	N/A	N/A	35–70 nm	N/A
		Mature fibrils	N/A	15–20 nm	N/A	N/A	60–100 nm
	β-lactoglobulin	Mature fibrils	2-3 nm	N/A	>10 μm	N/A	30–40 nm	[50]
	β-lactoglobulin	Mature fibrils	N/A	8.5 ± 1.4 nm	0.1–2 μm	N/A	34.3 ± 7.4 nm	[51]
		Worm-like	1.1 ± 0.3 nm	7.1 ± 1.6 nm	150–500 nm	N/A	N/A
		Protofibrils	0.9 ± 0.2 nm	2.5–4 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A
		Oligomers	1.8 ± 0.4 nm	N/A	N/A	~3.6 nm	N/A
		Protofibril	1.4 ± 0.3 nm	~5 nm	N/A	8 nm	N/A
β2-microglobulin	β2-microglobulin	Worm-like	~3.5 nm	N/A	~150–160 nm	N/A	N/A	[52]
		Rod-like	~3.5 nm	N/A	~20–150 nm	N/A	N/A
		Protofibril	4-5 nm	N/A	>1000 nm	N/A	N/A
		Mature fibrils	5–8 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A	30–100 nm
	β2-microglobulin	Mature fibrils	4–9 nm	100–500 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A	[53]
		Protofibril	4 ± 1 nm	17 ± 3 nm	N/A	N/A	25–60 nm
		Protofibrils	2.2 ± 0.5 nm	18 ± 1 nm	N/A	N/A	20–30 nm
		Oligomers	N/A	N/A	N/A	10–12 nm	N/A
EAK	EAK16	EAK16-IV globular	2–3.2 nm	N/A	N/A	34 nm	N/A	[54]
		EAK16-IV fibrillar	0.4–3.7 nm	28.69 ± 2.27 nm	N/A	60 nm	N/A
		EAK16-II fibrillar	0.3–2.2 nm	12–40 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A
		EAK16-II globular	N/A	N/A	N/A	48 nm	N/A
Ceratoplatanin	Ceratoplatanin	Protruding	50–60 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	[17]
		Rod-like	6–8 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
SSP	SSP1	Mature fibrils	6.0 nm	6.4 ± 0.2 nm	N/A	6.4 nm	N/A	[55]
	SSP2	Mature fibrils	2.5 nm	6.2 ± 0.3 nm	N/A	6.2 nm	N/A
Glucagon	Glucagon	Mature fibrils	0.1–1 μm	N/A	15 µm	52–55 nm	N/A	[56]
		Disc-like	1.5 ± 0.5 nm	20.8 ± 5.2 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A
		Protofibrils	6.05 nm	32.9 nm	N/A	N/A	N/A