Improved Bonding Strength of Hydroxyapatite on Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays following Alkaline Pretreatment for Orthopedic Implants

Table 2

EDS analysis of HA coating on ATi and conventional Ti represents the ratio of Ca and P. The anodized Ti was performed under various conditions with a constant voltage of −4 V. Data represent mean ± standard deviation. value was calculated using ANOVA; , compared with conventional Ti.

Substrate	The ratio of Ca and P
	Pretreatment	Without pretreatment
ATi: 5°C/+20 V	1.56	1.44
ATi: 5°C/+35 V	1.46	1.67
ATi: 25°C/+20 V	1.66	1.68
ATi: 25°C/+35 V	1.43	1.61
Conventional Ti (control)	0.89	0.97